Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

HANSEL M RAYNER

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism

NPI
1972761732
CMS profile
11069071
Location
MCDONOUGH, GA

General Payments · PY2021–2024

$8,900.93

  • Reported across 437 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,698.02

170 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,698.02 170

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2021 $830.16 34
PY2022 $1,540.45 81
PY2023 $2,832.30 152
PY2024 $3,698.02 170

Payment records · PY2024 (170)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
Abbott Laboratories $19.78 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125365856 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $15.83 03/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125365858 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $14.36 04/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125365860 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $18.27 05/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125365862 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $22.01 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125365864 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $15.39 12/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125365866 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.60 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108065760 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $19.69 02/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093908166 CMS
Amgen Inc. $10.94 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047418 CMS
Amgen Inc. $10.76 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047400 CMS
Amgen Inc. $11.21 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047424 CMS
Amgen Inc. $2.83 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047412 CMS
Amgen Inc. $3.83 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117663343 CMS
Amgen Inc. $10.65 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047432 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.29 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047460 CMS
Amgen Inc. $13.87 10/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047438 CMS
Amgen Inc. $14.44 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047406 CMS
Amgen Inc. $10.40 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047445 CMS
Amgen Inc. $11.47 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047452 CMS
Amgen Inc. $28.40 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116047466 CMS
Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $15.25 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1149951448 CMS
Antares Pharma, Inc. $26.76 01/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146520126 CMS
Antares Pharma, Inc. $14.39 09/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146520131 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $18.42 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139477138 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $24.64 10/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139552063 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $24.93 01/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086365869 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $21.30 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086305058 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $23.43 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086316463 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $21.68 04/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086360740 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $23.43 05/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086329160 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $18.31 05/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086321344 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $17.24 06/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086309611 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $19.07 06/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086357102 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $21.53 07/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086277792 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $22.60 08/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086354870 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $23.46 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086357920 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $23.30 11/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086308353 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $23.60 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086275538 CMS
BETA BIONICS, INC. $22.31 03/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087874523 CMS
BETA BIONICS, INC. $146.59 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087881117 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $17.47 01/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118258042 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.56 02/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118258048 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.22 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118258046 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.53 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118258044 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.22 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118258050 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.46 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118258052 CMS
CeQur Corporation $45.30 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1099651085 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $31.13 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766881 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $29.77 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766883 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $27.06 03/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766891 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $31.34 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766951 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $21.93 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766961 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $31.34 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766965 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $31.33 07/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766967 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $29.77 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766969 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $29.77 09/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766975 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $31.34 10/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117766987 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $24.91 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117767039 CMS
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. $24.32 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1129474800 CMS
IBSA Pharma Inc. $15.07 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142982306 CMS
Insulet Corporation $23.47 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116804102 CMS
Insulet Corporation $27.99 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116811413 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $24.06 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135652173 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $6.42 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135652175 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $24.81 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135663767 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.27 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135687546 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.84 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135675802 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $0.75 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135663769 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $24.25 03/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135677325 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $15.96 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135696132 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $29.74 04/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135679047 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.46 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135696134 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.47 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135675804 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.10 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135640330 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.93 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135675800 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $23.23 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135640328 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $1.04 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135677327 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $20.57 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135687542 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $22.00 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135663771 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $15.93 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135679045 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.84 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135663773 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $22.30 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135652177 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $19.63 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135687544 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.76 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135687548 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $24.07 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135696130 CMS
Mannkind Corporation $19.41 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145861048 CMS
Mannkind Corporation $24.73 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145861052 CMS
Mannkind Corporation $17.56 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145861056 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $9.03 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117017260 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $110.79 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117017262 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $19.65 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117017258 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $29.64 11/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117017264 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $17.05 01/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087314733 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $20.51 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100572212 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $3.16 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100489787 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $21.58 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100491599 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $17.82 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100636441 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $8.43 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100651245 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $22.17 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100549972 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $18.76 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100556075 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $22.03 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100650961 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $14.64 04/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100446159 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $19.49 04/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100465284 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $9.89 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100357654 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $14.28 06/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100240000 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $16.03 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100640726 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $17.90 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100599023 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $34.50 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100256554 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $22.21 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100313537 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $2.08 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100339172 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $22.48 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100470958 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $24.47 08/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100512287 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $17.60 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100499667 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $19.41 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100390488 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $1.17 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100502143 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $16.38 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100547586 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $12.15 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018214 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $0.56 02/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018250 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $7.02 02/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018221 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $21.02 03/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018253 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $2.41 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018227 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $2.77 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018232 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $25.02 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018238 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $42.58 05/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018207 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $3.58 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018243 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $24.47 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018255 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $32.75 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018259 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $2.25 09/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018272 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $8.18 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018286 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $25.86 12/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090018296 CMS
RECORDATI_RARE_DISEASES_INC. $24.45 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139170479 CMS
RECORDATI_RARE_DISEASES_INC. $16.55 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139170481 CMS
Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. $33.95 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1138738265 CMS
Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. $33.95 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1138738249 CMS
Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. $32.51 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1138738231 CMS
Verity Pharmaceuticals Inc. $26.67 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1080613026 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.25 01/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626905 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $145.53 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626903 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.34 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626901 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.11 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626953 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $11.52 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626897 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.92 02/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626899 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $14.75 02/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626951 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $17.89 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626895 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $1.90 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626955 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.83 03/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626907 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.32 03/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626913 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $16.74 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626911 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $19.60 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626909 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $4.50 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626959 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $17.71 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626915 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.19 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626957 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.38 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626917 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $4.90 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626919 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.23 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626921 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.96 07/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626923 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.85 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626933 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $44.02 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626931 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $32.98 08/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626927 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.75 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626929 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $19.59 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626925 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.22 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626941 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.19 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626935 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $28.47 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626939 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $12.57 09/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626937 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.94 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626945 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $30.84 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626943 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.54 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626947 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $28.89 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626961 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.06 12/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144626949 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.