IndustryPayments
Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

KEVIN GAFFNEY

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Psychiatry & Neurology Neurology

NPI
1972506426
CMS profile
89687
Location
SHENANDOAH, TX

General Payments · PY2018–2024

$76,826.33

  • Reported across 600 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,237.26

157 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

Related groups: Neurology TX All categories

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,237.26 157

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Paying entityAmountRecords
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $524.51 20
ABBVIE INC. $442.13 32
EMD Serono, Inc. $285.69 10
Neurocrine BioSciences, Inc. $267.36 10
EISAI INC. $237.55 9
NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION $187.03 14
HARMONY BIOSCIENCES LLC $146.94 6
UCB, Inc. $140.24 6
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $129.78 4
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $93.15 4
Celgene Corporation $65.82 3
PFIZER INC. $59.31 3
Lilly USA, LLC $57.97 3
Biogen, Inc. $52.65 3
ARGENX US, INC. $51.76 2
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $49.04 2
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $48.28 2
TG THERAPEUTICS, INC. $47.30 2
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $47.17 3
Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $35.80 5
Genentech USA, Inc. $32.75 2
Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.28 1
Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.12 1
CATALYST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. $22.62 1
Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC $21.96 1
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. $21.03 1
Grifols USA, LLC $19.61 1
Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. $19.13 1
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $18.35 1
MDD US Operations, LLC $18.30 1
Respicardia, Inc. $17.27 1
Amgen Inc. $15.80 1
LivaNova USA, Inc. $13.56 1

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2018 $46,499.00 84
PY2019 $13,831.44 22
PY2020 $7,194.48 38
PY2021 $1,379.83 41
PY2022 $1,859.00 101
PY2023 $2,825.32 157
PY2024 $3,237.26 157

Payment records · PY2024 (157)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 201820192020202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $6.59 01/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763934 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.71 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763936 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.84 01/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763938 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.39 01/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763940 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.90 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763942 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.42 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763944 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.76 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763946 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.02 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763948 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.78 03/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763950 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.50 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763952 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.83 04/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763954 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.96 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763956 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.81 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763958 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.23 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763960 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.58 05/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763962 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $8.85 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763964 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $28.87 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763966 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.65 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763968 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $2.47 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763970 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.31 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763972 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.53 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763974 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.07 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763976 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.07 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763978 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.31 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763980 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.04 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763982 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $2.59 11/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763984 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.96 11/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763986 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.39 11/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763988 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.45 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763990 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.64 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763992 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.27 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763994 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.34 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103763996 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $18.44 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147969980 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $13.67 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147969982 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $15.06 10/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147969984 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $36.26 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094049394 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $31.36 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094007192 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $34.83 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093924267 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $27.33 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094045550 CMS
Amgen Inc. $15.80 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1111579247 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $20.50 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142117749 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $31.26 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142124671 CMS
Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $13.92 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147904666 CMS
Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $0.13 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147904668 CMS
Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $0.69 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147904670 CMS
Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $13.64 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147905208 CMS
Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $7.42 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147906544 CMS
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. $21.03 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148296238 CMS
Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.28 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134005839 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $16.28 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104867022 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $19.25 06/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104807657 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $17.12 07/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104858942 CMS
CATALYST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. $22.62 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144448220 CMS
Celgene Corporation $22.12 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101093384 CMS
Celgene Corporation $22.66 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101093388 CMS
Celgene Corporation $21.04 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101093390 CMS
Eisai Inc. $24.70 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110758480 CMS
Eisai Inc. $22.91 02/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110758470 CMS
Eisai Inc. $24.95 03/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110758474 CMS
Eisai Inc. $23.77 05/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110758472 CMS
Eisai Inc. $27.21 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110758476 CMS
Eisai Inc. $23.58 07/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110758478 CMS
Eisai Inc. $33.43 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110758482 CMS
Eisai Inc. $22.28 09/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110758468 CMS
Eisai Inc. $34.72 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110758484 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $148.93 02/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120212788 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $16.03 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120212164 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $8.33 03/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120236740 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $23.16 05/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120242285 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $20.96 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120242287 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $22.53 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120218064 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $2.62 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120265675 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $12.54 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120261354 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $21.88 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120261038 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $8.71 10/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120268058 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $16.42 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133047786 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $16.33 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133047790 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $19.61 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124726508 CMS
Harmony Biosciences Llc $23.28 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141478152 CMS
Harmony Biosciences Llc $20.92 11/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141477114 CMS
Harmony Biosciences Llc $29.25 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141478380 CMS
HARMONY BIOSCIENCES LLC $19.97 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1126091994 CMS
HARMONY BIOSCIENCES LLC $27.35 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1126091990 CMS
HARMONY BIOSCIENCES LLC $26.17 05/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1126091992 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $19.05 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054950 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $13.05 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054952 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $102.33 03/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054954 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $6.50 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054956 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $12.70 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054958 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $3.58 06/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054960 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $24.29 07/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054962 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $3.75 08/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054964 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $33.64 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054966 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $18.14 08/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054968 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $32.11 09/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054970 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $14.99 09/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054972 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $12.50 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054974 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $16.46 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054976 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $137.55 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054978 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $10.34 10/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054980 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $18.88 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054982 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $1.35 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054984 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $27.05 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054987 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $16.25 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148054989 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $28.33 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150240460 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $20.71 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150240462 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $20.06 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135108001 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $19.77 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135131810 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.14 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135077831 CMS
LivaNova USA, Inc. $13.56 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152797799 CMS
MDD US Operations, LLC $18.30 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147770750 CMS
Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC $21.96 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137951196 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $25.17 01/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150839384 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $29.09 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150827860 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $24.04 02/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150842874 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $23.49 03/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150844877 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $31.27 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150823921 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $28.48 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150829528 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $23.05 06/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150846407 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $33.23 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150821301 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $28.07 09/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150830819 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $21.47 11/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150853209 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $26.42 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849691 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $23.27 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849693 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $11.01 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849695 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $2.17 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849697 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $16.68 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849699 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $1.32 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849701 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $20.67 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849703 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $2.46 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849707 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $13.41 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849709 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $4.13 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849705 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $0.38 10/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849711 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $4.64 10/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849713 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $20.48 11/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849715 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $39.99 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086849717 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $18.35 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118895060 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.70 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131525137 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.44 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131683195 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.17 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131865167 CMS
Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.12 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147896127 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $25.72 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137551406 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $24.67 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137551408 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $19.54 08/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137551410 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $23.22 11/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137551412 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $22.45 07/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151705202 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $25.83 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151705224 CMS
TG Therapeutics, Inc. $22.73 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136881391 CMS
TG Therapeutics, Inc. $24.57 07/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136881419 CMS
UCB, Inc. $15.01 01/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143297322 CMS
UCB, Inc. $30.83 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143297327 CMS
UCB, Inc. $16.71 04/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143297331 CMS
UCB, Inc. $35.25 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143297335 CMS
UCB, Inc. $27.73 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143297340 CMS
UCB, Inc. $14.71 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143297344 CMS
Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. $19.13 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133902807 CMS
ZOLL Respicardia, Inc. $17.27 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146935355 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2018 , PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.