Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

ASHLEY KATHERINE CLARK

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Dermatology

NPI
1932590205
CMS profile
11344623
Location
MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA

General Payments · PY2022–2024

$8,127.93

  • Reported across 340 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$4,091.75

173 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,734.16 169
Education $357.59 4

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2022 $854.48 36
PY2023 $3,181.70 131
PY2024 $4,091.75 173

Payment records · PY2024 (173)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 20222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $11.18 01/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476365 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.11 01/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476367 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.50 01/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476369 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.27 01/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476371 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.98 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476373 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.14 02/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476375 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $28.08 02/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476377 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.07 02/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476379 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.58 03/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476381 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $32.06 03/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476383 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.90 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476385 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.42 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476387 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.93 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476389 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.45 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476391 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.92 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476393 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.76 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476395 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $19.34 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476397 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.77 06/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476399 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.08 06/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476401 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $8.47 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476403 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.02 07/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476405 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $31.20 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476407 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $31.46 07/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476409 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.26 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476411 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.25 08/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476413 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $32.83 08/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476415 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.88 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476417 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $31.12 08/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476419 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.83 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476421 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $33.06 09/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476423 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.00 09/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476425 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.41 10/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476427 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.33 10/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476429 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.65 10/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476431 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.86 10/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476433 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.13 11/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476435 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.66 11/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476437 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.52 11/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476439 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.10 11/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476441 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.88 11/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476443 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.20 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476445 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.45 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476447 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.05 12/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476449 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $33.35 12/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103476451 CMS
Almirall LLC $25.48 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120634632 CMS
Almirall LLC $48.79 03/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120634658 CMS
Almirall LLC $30.76 04/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120634670 CMS
Almirall LLC $20.56 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120634783 CMS
Almirall LLC $27.60 10/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120634839 CMS
Almirall LLC $37.90 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120634871 CMS
Amgen Inc. $32.93 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117225304 CMS
Amgen Inc. $29.74 03/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117225306 CMS
Amgen Inc. $32.69 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117225308 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $19.07 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121036078 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $17.48 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121036080 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $23.78 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121036082 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $13.89 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121036084 CMS
Biofrontera Inc. $25.63 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1095485380 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $31.35 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127857983 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $8.88 02/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127857985 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $11.35 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127857987 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $8.30 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127857989 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $18.22 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127857991 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $9.89 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127857993 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $4.63 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127857995 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $5.17 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127857997 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $26.72 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127857999 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $7.46 12/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127858001 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $22.49 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101265345 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $32.66 03/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101265343 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $31.00 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101265375 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $28.71 09/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145291158 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $24.50 09/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145291160 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $41.43 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145291162 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $12.76 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727236 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $12.01 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727234 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $29.90 02/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727254 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $27.47 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727256 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $15.42 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727258 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $12.62 07/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727304 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $11.44 08/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727328 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $12.58 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727312 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $35.87 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727326 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $31.17 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727330 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $13.77 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727338 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $24.03 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139727346 CMS
Incyte Corporation $24.80 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141304309 CMS
Incyte Corporation $4.27 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141263611 CMS
Incyte Corporation $25.48 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141263613 CMS
Incyte Corporation $5.18 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141230299 CMS
Incyte Corporation $12.93 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141264013 CMS
Incyte Corporation $2.73 08/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141188282 CMS
Incyte Corporation $27.65 08/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141231145 CMS
Incyte Corporation $27.39 09/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141306997 CMS
Incyte Corporation $22.86 11/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141232169 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $5.37 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312528 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $5.98 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312698 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $8.98 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312558 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $11.43 06/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312706 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $99.99 07/03/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312424 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $35.02 07/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312436 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $14.32 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312490 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $32.61 09/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312562 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $26.98 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312466 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $82.95 12/19/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078312622 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $27.94 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152623987 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $22.31 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152623989 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $24.77 10/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152623991 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $27.11 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136001275 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $32.00 03/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136056512 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $32.01 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136055428 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $31.07 09/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136067872 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $10.99 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136001277 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $3.11 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136067870 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $31.99 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136055838 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.63 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136058988 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $32.66 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136055620 CMS
MERZ NORTH AMERICA, INC. $22.16 06/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146367779 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $1.19 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650767 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $29.36 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650769 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $21.72 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650795 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $11.00 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650779 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $22.39 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650793 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $29.88 06/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650775 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $31.20 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650773 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $2.58 08/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650781 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $12.69 08/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650783 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $27.98 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650787 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $22.44 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086650791 CMS
Organogenesis Inc. $42.68 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145423140 CMS
PFIZER INC. $50.20 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131544940 CMS
PFIZER INC. $4.59 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131558775 CMS
PFIZER INC. $2.27 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131558779 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.96 06/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131577629 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.40 08/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131524508 CMS
PFIZER INC. $5.10 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131558068 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.52 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131563313 CMS
PFIZER INC. $5.01 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131525046 CMS
PFIZER INC. $15.08 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131553811 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $11.88 01/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026500 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $27.59 02/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026502 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $9.13 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026504 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $29.66 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026506 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $15.24 04/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026508 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $48.85 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026510 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $27.92 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026512 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $27.84 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026514 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $29.31 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026516 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $21.90 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026518 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $0.56 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026520 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $10.65 07/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026522 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $25.88 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026524 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $20.51 08/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026526 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $29.71 09/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026528 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $18.22 09/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026530 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $125.00 10/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026532 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $94.66 10/28/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026534 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $21.27 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026536 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $17.18 11/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026538 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $12.36 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026540 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $32.29 12/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114026542 CMS
REVANCE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $24.29 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147914841 CMS
REVANCE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $26.10 05/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147914843 CMS
REVANCE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $31.49 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147914845 CMS
REVANCE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $20.34 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147914847 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $32.78 01/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152127799 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $34.63 01/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152127811 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $18.89 02/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152127803 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $5.59 03/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152127801 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $23.13 03/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152127809 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $7.21 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152127805 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $14.18 06/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152127807 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $79.99 09/04/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152127797 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.