Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

SEVAK T OHANIAN

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Psychiatry & Neurology Neurology

NPI
1922180637
CMS profile
42196
Location
KATY, TX

General Payments · PY2018–2024

$17,962.27

  • Reported across 1,168 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,128.21

176 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,051.72 175
Education $76.49 1

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2018 $2,701.31 209
PY2019 $3,139.60 209
PY2020 $2,025.47 140
PY2021 $1,995.60 145
PY2022 $2,489.95 139
PY2023 $2,482.13 150
PY2024 $3,128.21 176

Payment records · PY2024 (176)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 201820192020202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
Abbott Laboratories $17.07 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125338894 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $131.91 03/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125338896 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $12.24 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125338898 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $22.61 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125338900 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $13.24 07/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125338902 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $8.80 09/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125338904 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $21.28 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125338906 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.03 01/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148394 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.43 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148396 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.34 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148398 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.41 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148400 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.77 02/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148402 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.57 03/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148404 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.74 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148406 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.39 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148408 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $11.21 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148410 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.80 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148412 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.36 05/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148414 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.35 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148416 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $8.03 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148418 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.40 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148420 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $2.02 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148422 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.83 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148424 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.11 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148426 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.16 10/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148428 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $8.62 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148430 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.07 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105148432 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $15.44 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147985826 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $15.48 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147985828 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $23.35 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147985830 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $15.60 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093974117 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.90 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093930590 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.49 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093998308 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $26.57 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094036101 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.27 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094009373 CMS
Amgen Inc. $14.32 02/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1115979393 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $13.21 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196748 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $7.51 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196750 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $11.11 02/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196752 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $17.83 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196754 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $15.26 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196756 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $14.78 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196758 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $22.34 05/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196760 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $15.92 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196762 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $22.66 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196764 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $29.32 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196766 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $25.20 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196768 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $13.77 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196770 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $3.82 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139196772 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $11.74 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142112723 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $15.72 04/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142102330 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $16.92 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142106808 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $26.24 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142109201 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $26.38 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142122142 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $6.89 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142122815 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $17.17 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142122827 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $26.14 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142122823 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $21.31 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142117759 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $29.08 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142124553 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $23.97 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142121737 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $30.64 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142122042 CMS
Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $14.99 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147905938 CMS
Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $19.77 11/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147907010 CMS
Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.86 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134010579 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $22.64 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092627147 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $17.21 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092627143 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $18.90 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092627145 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $26.38 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092627149 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $29.44 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092627151 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $16.84 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092627141 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $166.05 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092627153 CMS
Eisai Inc. $19.58 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110780612 CMS
Eisai Inc. $13.55 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110780618 CMS
Eisai Inc. $16.57 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110780616 CMS
Eisai Inc. $15.14 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110780614 CMS
Eisai Inc. $20.52 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110780610 CMS
Eisai Inc. $24.32 11/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110780620 CMS
Eisai Inc. $27.00 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110780622 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $21.91 02/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120212120 CMS
GE HEALTHCARE $32.47 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144686410 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $17.48 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133110214 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $13.70 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133110218 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $19.84 07/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133110222 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $18.64 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133110225 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $14.89 11/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133110210 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $27.77 09/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150238278 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $16.12 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150238282 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $23.33 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150238280 CMS
Kyowa Kirin, Inc. $14.82 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127042909 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.34 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135385105 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $6.38 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135420907 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.37 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135423309 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $13.59 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135399081 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $13.57 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135385103 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.49 06/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135385107 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $9.35 07/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135346238 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $8.75 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135346242 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.92 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135421673 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $7.15 09/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135421675 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $28.63 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135421677 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.04 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135421679 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $6.62 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135421681 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $15.55 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135399079 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.31 10/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135403972 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $2.43 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135403970 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.12 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135371716 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $1.39 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135371718 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $5.78 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135399077 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $11.99 02/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952201 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $8.92 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952203 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $25.91 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952205 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $22.63 04/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952207 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $9.88 07/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952209 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $23.43 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952211 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $17.69 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952213 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $18.88 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952215 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $14.96 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952217 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $3.32 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952219 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $16.28 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952221 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $20.77 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145952223 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $21.51 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150853071 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $17.01 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150868855 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $13.17 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150879415 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $26.97 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087235199 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $21.63 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118953756 CMS
PFIZER INC. $4.95 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131811554 CMS
PFIZER INC. $11.60 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131811558 CMS
PFIZER INC. $6.10 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131811556 CMS
PFIZER INC. $4.86 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131815538 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.24 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131161352 CMS
PFIZER INC. $3.98 03/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131815540 CMS
PFIZER INC. $15.42 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131161348 CMS
PFIZER INC. $5.34 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131712609 CMS
PFIZER INC. $8.86 04/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131714093 CMS
PFIZER INC. $5.50 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131720186 CMS
PFIZER INC. $8.42 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131724308 CMS
PFIZER INC. $8.14 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131728503 CMS
PFIZER INC. $15.53 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131672674 CMS
PFIZER INC. $8.47 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131737138 CMS
PFIZER INC. $7.22 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131746570 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.32 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131868902 CMS
PFIZER INC. $9.73 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131843098 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.07 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132104481 CMS
PFIZER INC. $7.93 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131149212 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.58 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131181730 CMS
PFIZER INC. $7.36 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131001761 CMS
PFIZER INC. $11.76 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131420323 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $16.09 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145048 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $13.43 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145066 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $8.03 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145072 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $2.59 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145074 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $16.22 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145092 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $15.97 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145100 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $14.92 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145108 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $2.67 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145126 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $21.39 08/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145134 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $5.73 09/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145142 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $24.11 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145290 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $20.97 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145304 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $5.02 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145334 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $1.19 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145336 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $22.79 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145346 CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc. $18.33 01/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148898459 CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc. $20.47 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148898461 CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc. $20.49 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148898463 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $25.34 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137645796 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $6.78 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151477186 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $20.89 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151477224 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $21.43 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151477246 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $76.49 05/17/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151477296 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $27.08 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151477268 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $23.79 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151477294 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.61 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143481744 CMS
UCB, Inc. $37.13 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143466016 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.90 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143466021 CMS
UCB, Inc. $39.38 12/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143466025 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2018 , PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.