Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

ERIC G TEPPER

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Family Medicine

NPI
1891798146
CMS profile
40716
Location
SACRAMENTO, CA

General Payments · PY2018–2024

$108,180.08

  • Reported across 977 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$27,409.65

165 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2018 $1,461.03 78
PY2019 $1,642.32 105
PY2020 $2,236.65 128
PY2021 $10,979.94 151
PY2022 $20,427.67 154
PY2023 $44,022.82 196
PY2024 $27,409.65 165

Payment records · PY2024 (165)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 201820192020202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $17.43 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210430 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.91 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210432 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.29 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210434 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.96 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210436 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.82 03/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210438 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.40 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210440 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.17 04/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210442 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.20 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210444 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.21 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210446 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $11.33 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210448 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.03 05/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210450 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.89 05/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210452 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.79 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210454 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.16 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210456 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $19.60 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210458 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.56 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210460 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.59 06/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210462 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.39 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210464 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.39 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210466 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.63 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210468 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.28 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210470 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.87 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210472 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.76 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210474 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.40 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210476 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.68 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210478 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.23 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210480 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.33 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210482 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.45 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106210484 CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC $22.58 01/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137580915 CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC $22.60 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137580919 CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC $18.36 04/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137580924 CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC $24.11 05/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137580928 CMS
Amgen Inc. $21.79 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117397210 CMS
Amgen Inc. $21.94 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1111723399 CMS
Amgen Inc. $21.54 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117397212 CMS
Amgen Inc. $30.74 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1111723412 CMS
Amgen Inc. $21.24 11/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1111723403 CMS
Amgen Inc. $23.75 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1111723408 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.29 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104575628 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $98.05 04/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105582864 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $17.69 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104749632 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $22.34 09/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105224586 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $124.99 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104292352 CMS
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. $31.16 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148279445 CMS
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. $27.79 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148279447 CMS
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. $27.51 10/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148279449 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $31.92 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118221654 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $15.24 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118221646 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.54 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118221650 CMS
Braeburn Inc. $18.86 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125601271 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $21.95 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117764353 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $19.02 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117764403 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $23.22 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117764433 CMS
Cranial Technologies, Inc $14.92 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1082236876 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $17.19 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116245525 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $21.67 03/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116606004 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $22.79 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116300912 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $24.22 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116559892 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $14.58 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1115731236 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $21.00 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116099353 CMS
IDORSIA PHARMACEUTICALS US INC $16.35 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146756483 CMS
Indivior Inc. $25.17 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144539321 CMS
Indivior Inc. $30.37 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144539323 CMS
ITI, Inc. (d/b/a Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc.) $21.33 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143331882 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $39.77 01/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937532 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $5.34 01/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937674 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $13.78 02/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937284 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $556.70 02/23/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937344 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $20.48 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937418 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $38.00 02/23/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937538 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $2.56 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937546 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $29.37 02/23/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937564 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $8.91 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937664 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $35.00 02/23/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937698 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $12.02 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937936 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $124.80 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938094 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $347.36 02/23/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938150 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $16.22 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938232 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $33.06 02/23/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938320 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $13.52 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938344 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $54.51 02/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937300 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $18.18 02/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937404 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $15.59 02/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937966 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $36.37 02/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938360 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $54.78 03/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937794 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $195.74 03/06/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937330 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $271.78 03/06/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937560 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $294.73 03/06/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938270 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $3,800.00 03/08/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938180 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $1,600.00 03/13/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937846 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $3,200.00 03/19/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937354 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $38.48 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938198 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $375.00 06/20/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937348 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $22.10 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937278 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $2,750.00 07/03/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938374 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $196.45 07/12/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937998 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $5.50 07/17/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937502 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $5.50 08/02/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937290 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $163.63 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937818 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $786.42 08/16/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937482 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $3,200.00 08/19/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937252 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $18.76 08/20/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938260 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $31.00 08/20/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938282 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $24.65 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938306 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $142.08 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937182 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $1,109.25 08/23/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937768 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $3,200.00 08/27/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937272 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $40.08 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937364 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $44.82 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937198 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $43.40 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938064 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $950.00 11/08/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937824 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $41.19 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077937340 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $42.77 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938384 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $950.00 12/18/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077938316 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.81 01/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136166944 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $7.70 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136161375 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $95.94 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136166946 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $1.89 02/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134966399 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $32.83 02/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136161377 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $6.46 03/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134972787 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $26.15 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134966401 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $3.29 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134966403 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $19.53 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134972789 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $8.05 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134966405 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $22.52 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134972791 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $7.98 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134965467 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.76 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136166428 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $7.53 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136166430 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.82 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136166432 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $1.63 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136169677 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.86 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136169679 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $8.61 10/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134966407 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $32.09 11/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145974799 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $14.44 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087400286 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $14.73 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1096668468 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.95 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131162400 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.02 01/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1130981592 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.58 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131162404 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.11 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131261945 CMS
PFIZER INC. $22.03 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131280677 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.57 04/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131279081 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.63 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132031277 CMS
PFIZER INC. $2.86 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132031281 CMS
PFIZER INC. $22.89 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132031279 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.49 07/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131757234 CMS
PFIZER INC. $1.66 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131739646 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.07 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131776847 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.68 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131890769 CMS
PFIZER INC. $14.83 09/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131951148 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.74 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132073310 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.79 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131025091 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.62 12/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131437700 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $23.89 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089950596 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $32.33 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089950603 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $23.17 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153439073 CMS
SANOFI-AVENTIS U.S. LLC $22.65 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139754949 CMS
SANOFI-AVENTIS U.S. LLC $20.33 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139754993 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $22.00 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137686846 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $16.42 05/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151599495 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $15.44 07/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151599519 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $18.43 08/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151599691 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $22.68 11/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151599763 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $16.74 11/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151599765 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $16.53 12/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151599773 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $17.69 12/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151599775 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2018 , PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.