Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

PAUL S RABINOWITZ

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Allergy & Immunology

NPI
1871564716
CMS profile
85153
Location
ATLANTA, GA

General Payments · PY2018–2024

$63,146.75

  • Reported across 1,307 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,366.95

168 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,366.95 168

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2018 $10,241.74 231
PY2019 $16,513.16 246
PY2020 $9,131.48 141
PY2021 $9,172.72 155
PY2022 $11,149.82 184
PY2023 $3,570.88 182
PY2024 $3,366.95 168

Payment records · PY2024 (168)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 201820192020202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $4.74 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342780 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $11.28 01/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342784 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.05 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342788 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.45 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342792 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.77 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342796 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.56 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342800 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.04 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342804 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.73 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342808 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.30 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342812 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.26 04/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342815 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.09 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342820 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.28 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342824 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.24 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342828 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.24 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342832 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $97.39 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342836 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.60 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342840 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.23 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342844 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.63 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342848 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.59 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342852 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $8.54 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342856 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.90 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342860 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.32 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342864 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $106.09 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342868 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.18 09/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342872 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.87 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342876 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.31 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105342880 CMS
Amgen Inc. $26.58 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116035706 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $31.70 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105398221 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $13.20 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105755459 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $28.73 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105881850 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $119.54 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104701571 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $57.24 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104434027 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $22.12 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105235455 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $21.66 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104296054 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $19.54 04/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105441985 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $27.57 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105545185 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $14.26 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104423653 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $18.49 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104546480 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $22.47 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105765200 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $9.42 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104532612 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $23.23 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104521078 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.13 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105686605 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $31.43 08/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104774874 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $21.10 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104744317 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.90 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104319824 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.99 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104565892 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $13.28 09/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104674637 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.09 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104492268 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $31.72 10/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104492684 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $25.21 11/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104262281 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $13.20 11/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104220709 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $23.10 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104436229 CMS
BioCryst US Sales Co., LLC $16.35 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117476400 CMS
BioCryst US Sales Co., LLC $14.83 12/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117480872 CMS
Blueprint Medicines Corporation $32.53 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147451759 CMS
Blueprint Medicines Corporation $4.39 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147451809 CMS
Blueprint Medicines Corporation $132.40 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147451857 CMS
Blueprint Medicines Corporation $52.17 10/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147451859 CMS
CSL Behring $36.67 02/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134618647 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $21.12 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127920982 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $9.88 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579416 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $22.18 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579420 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $20.69 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579414 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $11.01 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579426 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $16.37 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579450 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $25.83 04/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579442 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $8.51 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579444 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $30.42 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579456 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $34.00 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579474 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $32.00 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579458 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $12.20 07/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579512 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $36.89 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579500 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $12.23 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579476 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $10.44 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579508 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $117.63 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579540 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $35.99 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579538 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $41.90 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579534 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $11.79 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579530 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $8.88 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579552 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $6.25 10/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579546 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $13.60 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579550 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $10.81 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579564 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $10.15 12/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139579574 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $11.48 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116628703 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $23.38 01/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116403019 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $18.71 01/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116345606 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $18.41 01/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116355851 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $7.64 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1115999047 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $4.85 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116569653 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $5.83 02/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116470856 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $25.97 02/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116396330 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $6.27 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116654027 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $9.56 02/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116673814 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $6.86 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116176862 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $5.96 03/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116687321 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $21.06 03/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116357384 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $15.14 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116301398 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $22.78 03/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116277372 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $7.33 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116355811 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $14.71 04/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1115823953 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $9.56 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116512763 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $22.44 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116571021 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $10.20 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116354379 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $22.23 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116362059 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $7.93 05/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116448332 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $4.19 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116690815 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $19.81 06/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116590651 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $5.29 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116637196 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $25.02 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116234817 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $6.39 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116391774 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $7.12 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116409973 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $25.27 07/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116418706 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $14.87 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116708691 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $21.97 08/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116285814 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $25.38 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116129573 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $6.58 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116330520 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $22.93 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1115851919 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $3.81 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116437069 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $9.28 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116475124 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $14.89 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116337259 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $3.50 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116631450 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $25.14 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116471532 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $6.36 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116294949 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $24.22 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116618063 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $21.98 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116614264 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $12.01 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1115805793 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $9.13 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116484591 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $16.14 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116627036 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $19.11 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116415157 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $17.23 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116322115 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $15.57 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1115987636 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $25.69 01/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748329 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $19.87 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748327 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $6.40 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748325 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $20.00 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748323 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $13.07 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748317 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $27.83 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748319 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $23.22 07/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748321 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $28.41 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748313 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $7.73 09/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748315 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $22.51 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748333 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $8.69 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748331 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $18.44 11/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124748335 CMS
kaleo, Inc. $24.15 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1126628958 CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P. $24.25 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147345041 CMS
Optinose US, Inc. $28.21 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142176502 CMS
Optinose US, Inc. $23.81 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142176536 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.96 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131043051 CMS
PFIZER INC. $13.07 03/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131285351 CMS
PFIZER INC. $25.04 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131332137 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.20 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131164626 CMS
PFIZER INC. $22.57 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132098645 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $27.71 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114141769 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $29.33 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114141771 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $16.32 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114141773 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $29.89 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114141775 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $25.00 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657794 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $30.91 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657796 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $9.62 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657798 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $11.21 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657800 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $28.24 05/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657802 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $11.71 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657804 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $29.18 06/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657806 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $7.65 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657808 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $21.35 11/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657810 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $31.06 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657812 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $5.88 12/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657814 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $27.59 12/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137657816 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2018 , PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.