Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-06-30 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

SARAH W STEPHENSON

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Nurse Practitioner Family

NPI
1841610896
CMS profile
1989362
Location
LOUISVILLE, KY

General Payments · PY2021–2025

$17,410.85

  • Reported across 1,011 records
  • CMS publication 2026-06-30

Latest program year · PY2025

$3,118.78

177 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2025 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,118.78 177

By paying entity

PY2025 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2021 $2,681.90 177
PY2022 $3,891.73 226
PY2023 $3,601.54 214
PY2024 $4,116.90 217
PY2025 $3,118.78 177

Payment records · PY2025 (177)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2025 2021202220232024 Record-level detail is published for PY2025; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $3.28 01/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607313 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $0.88 01/08/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607323 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.90 01/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607329 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.17 01/23/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607335 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $2.90 01/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607342 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $0.61 01/28/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607349 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $8.58 01/28/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607355 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.14 01/29/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607361 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $28.28 01/30/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607368 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.21 02/04/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607375 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.21 02/17/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607381 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.36 02/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607387 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.04 02/26/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607393 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $33.28 03/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607399 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.04 03/08/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607405 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $1.44 03/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607411 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $31.99 03/17/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607417 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.98 03/26/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607424 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $8.14 03/31/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607430 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.65 04/08/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607436 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.79 04/21/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607442 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $19.86 05/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607448 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.97 05/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607454 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.27 06/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607460 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.55 06/26/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607468 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.40 06/30/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607475 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $1.66 07/09/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607481 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $32.61 07/09/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607487 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.48 07/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607494 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.87 07/23/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607501 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.76 07/28/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607509 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.26 08/04/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607515 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.74 08/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607523 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.97 09/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607529 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.17 09/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607535 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.74 09/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607543 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $2.51 09/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607549 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.76 10/01/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607557 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.70 10/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607564 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.97 10/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607571 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.70 10/16/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607577 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.08 10/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607584 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.13 10/23/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607591 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.01 10/29/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607597 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.82 11/12/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607603 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.30 11/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607609 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.75 11/18/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607615 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.56 11/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607621 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.20 11/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607628 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.90 12/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607635 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $2.90 12/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607641 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.52 12/16/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1203607647 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.02 01/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1202959892 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.47 10/27/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1202983838 CMS
Amgen Inc. $25.71 01/08/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744094 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.17 01/15/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744069 CMS
Amgen Inc. $16.99 02/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229743977 CMS
Amgen Inc. $18.83 02/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744171 CMS
Amgen Inc. $10.68 02/21/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744121 CMS
Amgen Inc. $23.36 03/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229743988 CMS
Amgen Inc. $12.16 03/27/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744150 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.34 04/01/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744078 CMS
Amgen Inc. $19.21 04/16/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744108 CMS
Amgen Inc. $15.80 05/12/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744048 CMS
Amgen Inc. $3.57 05/20/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744162 CMS
Amgen Inc. $16.14 06/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744058 CMS
Amgen Inc. $2.77 07/09/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744023 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.69 07/16/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229743947 CMS
Amgen Inc. $12.27 08/12/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229743997 CMS
Amgen Inc. $18.96 08/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744140 CMS
Amgen Inc. $22.32 09/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229743955 CMS
Amgen Inc. $21.11 09/17/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744128 CMS
Amgen Inc. $13.34 10/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744013 CMS
Amgen Inc. $22.14 10/15/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229743933 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.06 11/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229743967 CMS
Amgen Inc. $14.70 11/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229744036 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $38.90 04/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206235999 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.39 04/29/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206321016 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.39 05/21/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206825071 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $23.72 07/08/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206615589 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $21.61 08/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206141496 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $21.61 09/16/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206750539 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $22.49 10/30/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206543635 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.96 11/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206798145 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.09 11/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206878836 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $25.56 12/17/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1206482247 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $25.29 01/29/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1222893157 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $24.77 03/20/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1184694227 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $19.85 03/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1184694225 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $14.00 04/01/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1184694245 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $26.53 07/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1184694265 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $23.35 10/20/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1184694311 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $22.41 03/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1211668050 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $29.00 02/27/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1233598895 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $30.35 05/29/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1233598921 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $26.25 08/28/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1233598969 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $28.18 12/09/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1233599003 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $17.44 01/16/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1190768800 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $17.44 02/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1191378231 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $19.03 04/15/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1190794012 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $19.04 06/16/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1191000773 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $17.75 07/17/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1191359503 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $18.16 08/26/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1190606569 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $19.53 09/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1191082902 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $19.53 10/16/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1191512757 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $19.53 12/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1191419996 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $29.80 01/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174853152 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $30.70 03/12/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174855416 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $17.64 04/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174855835 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $0.67 05/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174854959 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $26.22 05/08/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174852140 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $26.79 06/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174851974 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $23.73 07/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174864079 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $28.16 08/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174864129 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $15.90 09/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174863817 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $29.11 12/04/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174851437 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $2.89 12/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1174862263 CMS
Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. $30.35 01/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1212027991 CMS
Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. $26.25 07/23/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1212027993 CMS
Mallinckrodt Hospital Products Inc. $25.95 10/28/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1212027995 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $10.08 01/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416497 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $1.28 01/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416499 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $12.45 01/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416503 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $15.39 02/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416501 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $12.39 03/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416505 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $1.22 03/31/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416509 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $22.33 04/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416507 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $14.08 05/05/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416511 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $7.81 06/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416517 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $13.41 06/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416515 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $1.35 06/23/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416513 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $13.25 07/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416519 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $18.41 08/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416523 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $14.75 09/09/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200416521 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $17.20 10/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200432969 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $21.53 11/17/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200432971 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $15.88 04/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1188312734 CMS
Organon LLC $16.37 04/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1237784180 CMS
Organon LLC $19.10 07/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1237784184 CMS
Organon LLC $16.37 09/08/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1237784182 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.29 01/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229573257 CMS
PFIZER INC. $12.76 01/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229647956 CMS
PFIZER INC. $13.68 01/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229647089 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.56 02/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229580285 CMS
PFIZER INC. $15.47 03/18/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229628939 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.66 04/15/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229626837 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.28 05/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229623901 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.63 06/04/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229609882 CMS
PFIZER INC. $2.85 06/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229630336 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.02 06/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229609856 CMS
PFIZER INC. $14.96 09/04/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229666258 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.59 09/15/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1229762357 CMS
PFIZER INC. $26.11 10/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1230354175 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $28.06 07/29/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249560368 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $31.34 11/26/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249560374 CMS
Sandoz Inc. $30.48 01/09/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181968423 CMS
Sandoz Inc. $20.49 05/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181968443 CMS
SCILEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $19.47 02/05/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1242588459 CMS
SOBI, INC $20.09 08/04/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240278469 CMS
TerSera Therapeutics LLC $24.09 04/23/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1244070576 CMS
UCB, Inc. $22.41 01/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655188 CMS
UCB, Inc. $18.81 01/21/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655193 CMS
UCB, Inc. $18.96 02/12/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655198 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.71 03/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655202 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.03 04/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655206 CMS
UCB, Inc. $22.27 04/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655210 CMS
UCB, Inc. $13.77 05/15/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655213 CMS
UCB, Inc. $19.59 05/20/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655217 CMS
UCB, Inc. $17.68 06/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655221 CMS
UCB, Inc. $22.83 07/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655225 CMS
UCB, Inc. $23.83 08/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655229 CMS
UCB, Inc. $24.80 08/27/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655233 CMS
UCB, Inc. $24.55 09/18/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655237 CMS
UCB, Inc. $19.56 10/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655242 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.25 11/12/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655246 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.60 12/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655248 CMS
UCB, Inc. $18.49 12/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1224655252 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-06-30
Program years on this page
2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024 , PY2025
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2025_P06302026_06032026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.