Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

CAITLIN SPROLE

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Physician Assistant Medical

NPI
1710357660
CMS profile
11171112
Location
LEWISTON, NY

General Payments · PY2021–2024

$16,380.37

  • Reported across 693 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,556.97

176 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,468.48 174
Education $88.49 2

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2021 $4,129.25 141
PY2022 $3,640.28 188
PY2023 $5,053.87 188
PY2024 $3,556.97 176

Payment records · PY2024 (176)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
Abbott Laboratories $23.87 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125213207 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $19.77 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125213209 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $24.05 04/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125213211 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $167.04 06/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125213213 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $21.89 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125213215 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.85 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241142 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.81 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241144 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.44 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241146 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.53 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241148 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.89 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241150 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.62 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241152 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.58 05/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241154 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.21 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241156 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.02 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241158 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.89 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241160 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.83 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241162 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.70 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241164 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.83 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241166 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.41 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241168 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.01 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241170 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.77 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241172 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.79 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108241174 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $19.04 07/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148014206 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $16.64 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148014208 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.52 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093993296 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $1.00 02/22/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094001888 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $19.69 03/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093949473 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $25.07 05/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093910061 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.84 07/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093987886 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $19.90 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093935757 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $30.69 09/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093980178 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $17.42 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093906970 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $25.03 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093982471 CMS
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. $21.68 02/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125837225 CMS
Amgen Inc. $16.45 06/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116146677 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $25.20 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139217120 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $5.04 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142143147 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $16.76 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142143549 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $4.49 03/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142148179 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $6.94 03/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142144359 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $39.41 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142144739 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $23.37 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142145833 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $5.78 07/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142146323 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $6.71 07/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142146325 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $23.75 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142147320 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $32.76 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142147943 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $8.51 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104827480 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $5.11 03/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104838849 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $16.70 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104872246 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $8.69 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104860986 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $20.12 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104825096 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $8.87 06/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104810643 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $18.47 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104871110 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $7.87 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104876926 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $4.26 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104860988 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $100.00 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104858500 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $44.44 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092299917 CMS
CATALYST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. $21.71 07/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144456613 CMS
CATALYST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. $18.25 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144456615 CMS
CATALYST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. $22.81 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144456617 CMS
Celgene Corporation $10.25 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101156570 CMS
Celgene Corporation $18.35 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101156574 CMS
Celgene Corporation $20.59 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101156576 CMS
Celgene Corporation $14.49 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101156578 CMS
Celgene Corporation $31.65 06/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101156584 CMS
Celgene Corporation $17.22 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101156586 CMS
Celgene Corporation $21.98 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101156590 CMS
Celgene Corporation $28.40 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101156600 CMS
Cycle Pharmaceuticals Inc $20.44 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154920114 CMS
Eisai Inc. $24.24 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110796221 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $14.10 01/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120229890 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $19.27 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120241493 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $18.75 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120241495 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $17.23 09/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120258688 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $18.94 04/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133147713 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $22.51 06/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133147718 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $23.00 07/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133147722 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $24.32 08/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133147726 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $17.40 09/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133147705 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $21.89 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133147709 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $31.25 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139926565 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $14.82 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139926617 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $16.60 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151312537 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $17.85 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151312535 CMS
Kyowa Kirin, Inc. $19.04 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127047673 CMS
Kyowa Kirin, Inc. $21.01 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127047675 CMS
Kyowa Kirin, Inc. $16.87 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127047677 CMS
Kyowa Kirin, Inc. $25.14 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127047679 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $15.89 03/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135571903 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.24 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135595268 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $19.83 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135574158 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $14.90 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135585942 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.25 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135554436 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.81 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135554438 CMS
LivaNova USA, Inc. $13.52 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152797829 CMS
LivaNova USA, Inc. $13.27 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152797867 CMS
LivaNova USA, Inc. $23.58 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152797859 CMS
LivaNova USA, Inc. $6.65 07/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152797881 CMS
LivaNova USA, Inc. $6.10 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152797879 CMS
LivaNova USA, Inc. $19.47 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152797885 CMS
LivaNova USA, Inc. $99.18 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152797939 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $19.14 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093273 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $13.40 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093275 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $9.93 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093277 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $13.73 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093279 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $15.06 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093281 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $18.97 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093283 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $15.11 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093285 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $3.78 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093287 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $17.09 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093289 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $5.37 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093291 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $19.30 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146093293 CMS
Neurelis, Inc. $16.39 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145671024 CMS
Neurelis, Inc. $17.90 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145671026 CMS
Neurelis, Inc. $20.53 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145671028 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $18.22 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150988806 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $16.88 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150995522 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $19.87 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150980424 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $18.77 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150986035 CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. $18.32 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150988414 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $22.07 01/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087178973 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $11.15 02/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087178975 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $20.84 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087178987 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $16.76 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087178989 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $22.66 05/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087178991 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $15.63 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087178995 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $11.72 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087178993 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $8.00 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087179009 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $21.28 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087179007 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $21.80 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087179013 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $22.25 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087179019 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $37.67 10/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119191254 CMS
PFIZER INC. $14.82 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131508759 CMS
PFIZER INC. $7.18 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131441919 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.18 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131547035 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.71 04/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131493268 CMS
PFIZER INC. $11.13 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131495594 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.20 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131584763 CMS
PFIZER INC. $13.54 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131567481 CMS
PFIZER INC. $13.13 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131574666 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.16 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131515299 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.45 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131521067 CMS
PFIZER INC. $27.77 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131524934 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.15 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131506957 CMS
PFIZER INC. $6.84 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131514737 CMS
SCILEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $16.94 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136244570 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $23.15 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145364 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $28.74 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145460 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $21.23 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145490 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $26.63 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145496 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $19.97 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154145516 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $21.44 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151532600 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $21.44 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151532602 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $18.76 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151532614 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $18.76 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151532634 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $15.01 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151532660 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $87.49 04/24/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151532738 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $16.68 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151532674 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $18.76 07/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151532714 CMS
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. $18.76 08/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151532728 CMS
TG Therapeutics, Inc. $24.47 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136882570 CMS
TG Therapeutics, Inc. $24.40 04/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136882598 CMS
TG Therapeutics, Inc. $14.94 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136882610 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.24 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449958 CMS
UCB, Inc. $23.21 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449962 CMS
UCB, Inc. $23.37 04/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449967 CMS
UCB, Inc. $21.24 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449971 CMS
UCB, Inc. $18.11 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449975 CMS
UCB, Inc. $22.35 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449979 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.73 06/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449983 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.02 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449987 CMS
UCB, Inc. $40.51 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449991 CMS
UCB, Inc. $14.31 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143449996 CMS
UCB, Inc. $20.64 09/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143450000 CMS
UCB, Inc. $28.44 10/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143450005 CMS
UCB, Inc. $32.30 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143450010 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.