Covered recipient · General Payments record

ALLA BOYKOFF

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Internal Medicine

NPI: 1629167747
CMS profile: 74144
Location: SAN FRANCISCO, CA

General Payments · PY2018–2024

$20,442.80

Reported across 947 records
CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,542.33

153 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated

The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of payment	Amount	Records
Food and Beverage	$3,524.89	152
Education	$17.44	1

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Paying entity	Amount	Records
ABBVIE INC.	$587.47	27
Novo Nordisk AS	$428.18	21
Lilly USA, LLC	$376.62	13
PFIZER INC.	$310.70	14
Almatica Pharma Inc.	$259.30	12
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$202.71	10
Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$190.47	7
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$168.80	7
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC	$127.49	5
Acerta Pharma LLC	$116.03	5
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc.	$111.62	5
Lundbeck LLC	$101.83	4
NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION	$98.07	4
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC	$77.73	3
IDORSIA PHARMACEUTICALS US INC	$73.50	3
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$44.12	2
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.	$41.11	2
Astellas Pharma US Inc	$30.86	1
Amgen Inc.	$29.78	1
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc.	$29.66	1
Radius Health, Inc.	$29.59	1
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$26.22	1
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C.	$25.46	1
DEXCOM, INC.	$21.70	1
Bausch Health US, LLC	$19.49	1
SCILEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$13.82	1

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program year	Amount	Records
PY2018	$3,248.17	160
PY2019	$3,003.48	142
PY2020	$1,851.89	95
PY2021	$2,700.34	130
PY2022	$2,857.20	124
PY2023	$3,239.39	143
PY2024	$3,542.33	153

Payment records · PY2024 (153)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.

Paying entity	Amount	Date	Nature of payment	Dispute status	Published	Record ID	Source
ABBVIE INC.	$4.00	01/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358684	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$13.78	02/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358686	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$26.07	02/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358688	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$32.34	03/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358690	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$11.74	04/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358692	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$22.62	04/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358694	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$10.99	04/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358696	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$33.78	05/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358698	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$25.12	06/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358700	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$33.21	06/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358702	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$20.18	06/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358704	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$27.23	07/31/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358706	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$27.23	08/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358708	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$32.45	08/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358710	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$34.76	08/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358712	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$17.08	08/28/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358714	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$28.45	09/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358716	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$24.64	09/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358718	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$6.25	09/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358720	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$6.25	09/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358722	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$29.25	09/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358724	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$15.81	09/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358726	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$19.38	10/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358728	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$25.14	10/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358730	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$25.00	12/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358732	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$18.01	12/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358734	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$16.71	12/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1103358736	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$24.94	01/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137557986	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$5.40	01/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137557992	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$11.19	02/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137557998	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$5.13	03/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137558005	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$22.68	03/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137558012	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$25.77	04/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137558018	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$28.84	05/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137558025	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$10.96	06/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137558031	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$31.15	07/28/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137558036	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$30.70	09/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137558045	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$31.37	10/28/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137558051	CMS
Almatica Pharma LLC	$31.17	12/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137558057	CMS
Amgen Inc.	$29.78	09/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1117208381	CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC	$27.17	03/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139181045	CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC	$25.84	06/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139181047	CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC	$24.72	10/31/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139181049	CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc	$30.86	03/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139304754	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$29.76	05/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104433717	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$21.74	07/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105840777	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$17.60	08/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104622314	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$18.67	11/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104480424	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$28.26	12/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104587916	CMS
Bausch Health US, LLC	$19.49	12/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148017186	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$28.66	03/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086172882	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$24.58	05/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086228988	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$28.47	06/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086109056	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$29.39	07/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086129896	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$27.01	10/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086222362	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$28.48	11/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086210273	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$23.88	12/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086179480	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$25.53	02/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085586	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$25.66	04/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085588	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$10.38	05/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085572	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$21.54	05/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085582	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$19.61	06/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085578	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$17.08	07/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085576	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$12.63	07/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085574	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$26.50	08/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085590	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$21.15	10/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085580	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$22.63	12/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118085584	CMS
Dexcom, Inc.	$21.70	08/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153277903	CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C.	$25.46	06/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1101267967	CMS
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.	$19.63	04/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1129428870	CMS
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.	$21.48	08/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1129428872	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$24.74	01/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116454139	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$22.88	02/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116404831	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$29.69	03/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116372083	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$25.03	04/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116631344	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$29.84	07/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116242323	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$6.26	07/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116443279	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$30.36	11/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116357196	CMS
IDORSIA PHARMACEUTICALS US INC	$24.19	06/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146756389	CMS
IDORSIA PHARMACEUTICALS US INC	$24.86	07/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146756804	CMS
IDORSIA PHARMACEUTICALS US INC	$24.45	10/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146758140	CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC	$27.62	02/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153770043	CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC	$36.28	05/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153770047	CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC	$29.40	07/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153770045	CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC	$20.18	11/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153747959	CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC	$14.01	12/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153756980	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$22.35	01/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136018774	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$3.35	01/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136028653	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$31.00	02/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136025886	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$3.11	04/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136018776	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$20.39	04/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136028655	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$34.52	04/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135997012	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$97.54	05/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136025888	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$26.07	05/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136022006	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$33.21	07/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136023798	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$24.86	08/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136028657	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$29.26	08/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135997010	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$26.48	09/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136028659	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$24.48	11/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136022004	CMS
Lundbeck LLC	$26.94	01/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1145899664	CMS
Lundbeck LLC	$24.43	04/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1145899666	CMS
Lundbeck LLC	$23.62	05/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1145899668	CMS
Lundbeck LLC	$26.84	10/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1145899670	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$25.80	07/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086705417	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$21.91	08/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086705421	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$26.07	08/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086705431	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$24.29	12/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086705443	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$23.16	01/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096784325	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$16.53	01/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096893031	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$19.38	01/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097616038	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$25.00	02/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097519697	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$23.71	03/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097368203	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$24.34	03/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096813209	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$23.85	04/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097023349	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$24.14	05/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096608796	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$2.66	05/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096713623	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$21.15	05/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097124098	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$20.42	06/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096956617	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$23.54	06/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097519456	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$24.33	06/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097177140	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$22.39	07/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096910989	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$8.54	09/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097413917	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$25.38	09/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097730308	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$19.62	10/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096737844	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$21.87	10/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096825807	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$10.88	11/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1097487672	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$21.82	12/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096938397	CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc	$25.47	12/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1096680845	CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc.	$29.66	02/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118865804	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$22.78	01/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131092978	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$25.60	01/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1130984702	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$6.65	03/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131515354	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$28.41	03/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131249313	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$26.22	03/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131242856	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$26.63	05/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131442785	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$17.44	05/01/2024	Education	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131663010	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$26.81	05/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131464330	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$15.35	08/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131863865	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$29.44	08/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131848470	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$24.59	09/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131973107	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$35.67	10/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1130889661	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$15.43	11/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131075346	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$9.68	11/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131118163	CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$26.22	08/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151042513	CMS
Radius Health, Inc.	$29.59	01/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1089933039	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$21.75	04/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153609838	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$22.37	07/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153685209	CMS
SCILEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$13.82	05/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1136245596	CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc.	$21.39	01/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148830635	CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc.	$15.73	02/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148830637	CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc.	$22.68	02/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148830639	CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc.	$22.37	03/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148830641	CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc.	$29.45	04/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148830643	CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset: CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date: 2026-01-23
Program years on this page: 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files: Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2018 , PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from: OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.