Covered recipient · General Payments record

SARAH A ADAMS

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Physician Assistant Medical

NPI: 1568559383
CMS profile: 10617703
Location: PETOSKEY, MI

General Payments · PY2021–2024

$7,136.60

Reported across 334 records
CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,739.32

150 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated

The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of payment	Amount	Records
Food and Beverage	$3,644.69	149
Education	$94.63	1

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Paying entity	Amount	Records
Acerta Pharma LLC	$886.85	30
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.	$560.55	5
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$424.55	31
GENZYME CORPORATION	$311.92	10
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$306.54	16
Grifols USA, LLC	$183.35	8
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$183.16	8
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$131.93	6
Amgen Inc.	$114.97	5
Mylan Specialty L.P.	$99.65	6
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc.	$90.55	4
Insmed, Inc.	$79.97	4
Pulmonx Corporation	$72.98	2
Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc.	$47.75	2
Genentech USA, Inc.	$40.82	2
ResMed Corp	$38.21	2
HARMONY BIOSCIENCES LLC	$35.17	1
Electromed, Inc.	$28.43	2
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$24.75	1
Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$21.68	1
NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION	$15.50	1
Respicardia, Inc.	$13.50	1
Breas Medical, Inc.	$13.37	1
Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC	$13.17	1

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program year	Amount	Records
PY2021	$155.88	10
PY2022	$912.37	43
PY2023	$2,329.03	131
PY2024	$3,739.32	150

Payment records · PY2024 (150)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 2021 2022 2023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.

Paying entity	Amount	Date	Nature of payment	Dispute status	Published	Record ID	Source
Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc.	$26.68	02/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078894321	CMS
Actelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc.	$21.07	10/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078894333	CMS
Amgen Inc.	$21.69	02/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1117489268	CMS
Amgen Inc.	$16.99	03/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1117184604	CMS
Amgen Inc.	$17.08	06/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1117489270	CMS
Amgen Inc.	$32.53	07/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1117489272	CMS
Amgen Inc.	$26.68	09/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1117184606	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$120.50	01/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105532906	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$19.88	01/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105871037	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$16.93	01/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105515155	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$18.23	01/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105869057	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$16.72	02/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105285079	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$22.14	02/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104366413	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$16.60	02/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104435245	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$15.23	04/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104487182	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$124.94	05/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104754418	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$18.72	05/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105216403	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$16.26	05/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104575088	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$26.47	05/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105577096	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$27.46	06/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104742837	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$22.05	07/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105569761	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$24.65	07/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104348784	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$18.15	07/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105421695	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$14.13	08/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105530564	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$14.33	08/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104657505	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$16.00	09/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105525499	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$20.88	09/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105800367	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$18.55	10/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105732365	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$16.48	10/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105392994	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$20.88	10/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105408940	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$18.54	10/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105289304	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$124.94	11/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105648672	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$19.08	11/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104538896	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$19.19	11/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104277593	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$20.88	12/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105828031	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$20.48	12/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1104340836	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$17.56	12/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1105373910	CMS
Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC	$13.17	11/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1123390022	CMS
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc.	$18.25	04/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148407348	CMS
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc.	$17.24	05/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148407350	CMS
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc.	$23.30	06/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148407352	CMS
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc.	$31.76	12/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148407354	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$21.68	08/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086348137	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$15.64	01/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118061863	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$13.55	03/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118061861	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$17.09	07/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118061865	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$27.51	09/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118061869	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$31.87	09/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118061871	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$26.27	11/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1118061867	CMS
Breas Medical, Inc.	$13.37	09/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1100675567	CMS
Electromed, Inc.	$13.77	06/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137875975	CMS
Electromed, Inc.	$14.66	06/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137875970	CMS
Genentech USA, Inc.	$20.14	01/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1133185635	CMS
Genentech USA, Inc.	$20.68	02/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1133185639	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$8.88	01/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956101	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$5.60	02/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956097	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$124.94	02/28/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956133	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$8.37	02/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956099	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$30.25	06/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956125	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$34.61	08/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956143	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$29.76	08/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956141	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$24.11	09/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956149	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$19.79	10/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956179	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$25.61	12/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139956201	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$17.16	01/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116705156	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$10.56	01/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116726864	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$1.36	02/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116683455	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$3.59	02/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116271142	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$2.59	02/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116183662	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$1.38	02/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116567622	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$11.01	02/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116506167	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$7.07	03/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1115991315	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$16.78	04/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116414871	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$8.77	04/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116355447	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$7.30	04/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1115762425	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$15.33	05/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116333429	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$4.13	05/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116526612	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$15.73	06/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116452589	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$0.81	06/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116526896	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$12.39	06/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116266862	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$11.10	07/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116125206	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$13.72	08/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116658498	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$14.53	08/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1115970652	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$1.84	08/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116398628	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$124.74	09/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116046417	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$2.15	09/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116401229	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$16.87	09/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116127678	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$18.11	10/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116472255	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$14.35	10/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116658648	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$4.47	11/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1115969523	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$14.21	11/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1115943204	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$19.90	11/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116484617	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$6.32	11/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1116692071	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$17.23	12/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1115733028	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$9.05	12/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1115755215	CMS
Grifols USA, LLC	$23.45	01/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1124716540	CMS
Grifols USA, LLC	$23.88	02/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1124716542	CMS
Grifols USA, LLC	$23.04	04/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1124716544	CMS
Grifols USA, LLC	$22.92	05/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1124716536	CMS
Grifols USA, LLC	$24.39	06/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1124716534	CMS
Grifols USA, LLC	$23.67	09/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1124716538	CMS
Grifols USA, LLC	$20.85	10/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1124716532	CMS
Grifols USA, LLC	$21.15	12/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1124716530	CMS
HARMONY BIOSCIENCES LLC	$35.17	09/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1126074251	CMS
Insmed, Inc.	$19.44	05/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1089562614	CMS
Insmed, Inc.	$22.13	05/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1089561524	CMS
Insmed, Inc.	$23.90	11/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1089556322	CMS
Insmed, Inc.	$14.50	12/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1089582328	CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.	$42.78	09/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148131011	CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.	$145.94	09/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148131015	CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.	$319.87	09/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148131019	CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.	$37.50	09/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148131024	CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.	$14.46	11/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1148131028	CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$14.26	01/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151308418	CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$25.74	03/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151308420	CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$21.23	03/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151308406	CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$27.91	05/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151308408	CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$23.83	07/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151308416	CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$26.53	08/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151308410	CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$24.20	10/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151308414	CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$19.46	11/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151308412	CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P.	$16.61	02/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1147308790	CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P.	$15.05	04/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1147349781	CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P.	$17.19	05/28/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1147373051	CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P.	$16.42	09/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1147299470	CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P.	$13.82	10/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1147314360	CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P.	$20.56	11/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1147342513	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$15.50	05/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1086767341	CMS
Pulmonx Corporation	$18.66	02/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1087852092	CMS
Pulmonx Corporation	$54.32	03/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1087852094	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$16.37	02/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263664	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$3.05	02/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263666	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$11.68	03/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263668	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$7.20	04/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263670	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$13.63	04/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263672	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$3.85	05/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263674	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$17.26	05/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263676	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$94.63	06/25/2024	Education	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263678	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$22.28	07/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263680	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$18.53	08/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263682	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$21.69	09/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263684	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$32.16	10/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263686	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$11.76	10/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263688	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$8.69	11/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263690	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$3.56	11/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263692	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$20.20	12/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114263694	CMS
Resmed Corp	$17.89	06/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1140204239	CMS
Resmed Corp	$20.32	11/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1140204241	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$24.75	11/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137704217	CMS
ZOLL Respicardia, Inc.	$13.50	06/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146934539	CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset: CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date: 2026-01-23
Program years on this page: 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files: Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from: OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.