IndustryPayments
Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

MAURICE SHAWN MARCUARD

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Internal Medicine Gastroenterology

NPI
1336502863
CMS profile
6846147
Location
GREENVILLE, NC

General Payments · PY2019–2024

$4,358.40

  • Reported across 218 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$2,952.98

154 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

Related groups: Gastroenterology NC All categories

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $2,952.98 154

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Paying entityAmountRecords
ABBVIE INC. $849.06 39
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $329.60 18
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $206.97 10
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $202.09 13
Ardelyx, Inc. $138.96 8
QOL Medical, LLC $137.19 8
Lilly USA, LLC $135.08 7
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $108.85 6
Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation $83.05 4
INTERCEPT PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. $80.39 5
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC $73.63 4
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $71.67 3
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc $70.07 3
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $59.30 4
Celgene Corporation $57.07 3
Madrigal Pharmaceuticals $47.48 3
PFIZER INC. $45.90 3
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $45.67 2
Braintree Laboratories, Inc. $39.90 2
Sandoz Inc. $38.83 2
ALCRESTA THERAPEUTICS, INC. $22.70 1
GENZYME CORPORATION $21.59 1
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.48 1
Organon LLC $17.76 1
Celltrion USA Inc. $17.60 1
Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc. $15.68 1
CapsoVision, Inc. $15.41 1

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2019 $11.52 1
PY2021 $84.97 1
PY2022 $12.32 1
PY2023 $1,296.61 61
PY2024 $2,952.98 154

Payment records · PY2024 (154)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 2019202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $16.23 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964370 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.52 01/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964372 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.88 01/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964374 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.97 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964376 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.56 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964378 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.28 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964380 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.67 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964382 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.46 03/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964384 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.37 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964386 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.52 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964388 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.40 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964390 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $19.13 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964392 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.43 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964394 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.34 05/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964396 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.03 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964398 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $28.00 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964400 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.12 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964402 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.45 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964404 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.93 06/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964406 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.75 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964408 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.35 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964410 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.08 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964412 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.93 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964414 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.62 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964416 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $78.13 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964418 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.68 08/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964420 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.33 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964422 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.10 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964424 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.80 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964426 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.09 09/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964428 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $19.46 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964430 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $19.91 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964432 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.87 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964434 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.39 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964436 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.81 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964438 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.87 10/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964440 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.73 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964442 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.20 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964444 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.67 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104964446 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $18.61 03/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147021277 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $13.81 05/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146974127 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $19.13 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146974117 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $17.68 08/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146973879 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $19.73 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147002942 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $19.89 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147002926 CMS
Alcresta Therapeutics, Inc. $22.70 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1123428280 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $19.59 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146694118 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $16.66 02/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146694120 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $19.89 03/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146694122 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $6.17 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146694124 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $21.93 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146694126 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $23.90 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146694128 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $14.72 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146694130 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $16.10 12/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146694132 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.48 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117969700 CMS
Braintree Laboratories, Inc. $19.07 02/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125516143 CMS
Braintree Laboratories, Inc. $20.83 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125516145 CMS
CapsoVision, Inc. $15.41 11/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154308040 CMS
Celgene Corporation $18.83 01/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101119015 CMS
Celgene Corporation $17.43 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101119041 CMS
Celgene Corporation $20.81 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101119049 CMS
Celltrion USA Inc. $17.60 12/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1075854879 CMS
Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc. $15.68 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137493480 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $21.59 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139994507 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $20.92 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133778021 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $24.75 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133778023 CMS
Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $13.70 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113639044 CMS
Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $14.00 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113639046 CMS
Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $16.36 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113639050 CMS
Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.07 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113639048 CMS
Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.26 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113639052 CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc $22.84 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1091982340 CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc $26.96 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1091982342 CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc $20.27 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1091982344 CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC $19.41 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153720505 CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC $19.68 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153711655 CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC $19.04 09/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153711659 CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC $15.50 10/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153720508 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $27.01 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832042 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $28.46 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832367 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $17.42 04/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832102 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $15.19 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832526 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $17.14 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832030 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $21.12 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832131 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $22.81 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832757 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $20.68 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832224 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $19.58 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832821 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $17.56 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078832095 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.32 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135202403 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.64 03/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135202407 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.15 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135186269 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.16 06/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135170772 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.60 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135185585 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.99 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135202410 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $28.22 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135186271 CMS
Madrigal Pharmaceuticals $16.24 09/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144175203 CMS
Madrigal Pharmaceuticals $17.42 11/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144175205 CMS
Madrigal Pharmaceuticals $13.82 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144175207 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $19.03 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141852067 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $19.30 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141643696 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $18.95 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141643800 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $25.77 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141643798 CMS
Organon Llc $17.76 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136231166 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.07 06/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131614926 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.43 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131871145 CMS
PFIZER INC. $13.40 09/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131955522 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $14.89 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151093087 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $15.54 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151093089 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $13.57 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151093091 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $15.30 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151093093 CMS
QOL Medical, LLC $16.97 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147717697 CMS
QOL Medical, LLC $14.75 04/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147717699 CMS
QOL Medical, LLC $14.24 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147717701 CMS
QOL Medical, LLC $17.21 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147717703 CMS
QOL Medical, LLC $16.51 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147717705 CMS
QOL Medical, LLC $18.57 10/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147717707 CMS
QOL Medical, LLC $17.62 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147717709 CMS
QOL Medical, LLC $21.32 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147717711 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $23.39 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114108039 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $27.81 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114108041 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $20.47 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114108043 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $22.71 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153491581 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $15.50 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153615552 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $14.26 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153608990 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $16.29 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153740246 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $22.71 05/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153417599 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $17.98 05/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153496448 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $20.42 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153513042 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $23.21 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153604443 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $14.95 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153436255 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $16.64 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153693046 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $16.42 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153574756 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $19.42 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153670338 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $19.66 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153471930 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $11.46 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153455221 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $17.11 11/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153617581 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $16.83 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153451755 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $22.67 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153478710 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $21.36 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153485375 CMS
Sandoz Inc. $19.95 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089373651 CMS
Sandoz Inc. $18.88 04/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089373731 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $9.94 01/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629518 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $11.76 01/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629520 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $28.15 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629522 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $13.65 04/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629524 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $13.08 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629526 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $12.26 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629528 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $15.12 07/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629530 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $16.68 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629532 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $13.18 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629534 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $16.38 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629536 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $14.09 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629538 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $18.02 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629540 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $19.78 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137629542 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2019 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.