Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

JOSHUA L SHAPIRO

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Physician Assistant Medical

NPI
1215995642
CMS profile
10967479
Location
NEW YORK, NY

General Payments · PY2021–2024

$5,173.25

  • Reported across 277 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,216.13

168 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $2,844.20 164
Education $371.93 4

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2021 $555.58 36
PY2022 $263.36 18
PY2023 $1,138.18 55
PY2024 $3,216.13 168

Payment records · PY2024 (168)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $22.02 01/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180687 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.80 04/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180689 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.07 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180691 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.09 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180693 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.74 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180695 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.31 06/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180697 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.58 07/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180699 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.54 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180701 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $11.01 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180703 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $32.79 08/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180705 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $31.60 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180707 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.82 09/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180709 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.83 09/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180711 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.79 09/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180713 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.37 11/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180715 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.10 12/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180717 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.57 12/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180719 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.78 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108180721 CMS
Amgen Inc. $33.95 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117681436 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $13.43 07/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121102232 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $19.97 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121102234 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $20.07 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121102236 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $18.79 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121102238 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $15.82 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121102240 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $20.79 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012427 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $21.74 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012429 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $13.18 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012431 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $5.37 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012433 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $8.43 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012435 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $6.27 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012437 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $24.31 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012439 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $12.37 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012441 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $20.05 03/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012443 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $23.75 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012445 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $19.70 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012447 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $14.53 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012449 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $1.62 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012451 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $9.63 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012453 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $23.52 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012455 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $16.45 05/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012457 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $19.17 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012459 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $16.87 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012461 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $11.00 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012463 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $21.49 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012465 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $22.62 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012467 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $13.10 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012469 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $24.86 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012471 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $11.92 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012473 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $21.48 06/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012475 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $17.58 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012477 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $26.26 06/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012479 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $24.47 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012481 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $22.52 06/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012483 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $20.95 07/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012485 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $27.08 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012487 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $28.18 07/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012489 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $24.65 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012491 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $2.60 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012493 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $21.66 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012495 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $19.94 08/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012497 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $18.26 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012499 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $4.27 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012501 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $23.11 08/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012503 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $24.64 09/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012505 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $4.15 09/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012507 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $18.88 09/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012509 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $19.11 09/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012511 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $16.94 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012513 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $3.16 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012515 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $21.36 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012517 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $2.18 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012519 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $25.66 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012521 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $25.19 10/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012523 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $12.36 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012525 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $18.77 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012527 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $3.86 10/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012529 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $19.71 10/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012531 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $27.29 11/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012533 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $16.18 11/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012535 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $17.71 11/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012537 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $21.65 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012539 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $2.89 11/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012541 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $2.75 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012543 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $8.94 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012545 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $4.89 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012547 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $13.84 12/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012549 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $3.45 12/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012551 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $25.62 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012553 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $26.27 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012555 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $1.54 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012557 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $3.64 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012559 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $13.35 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012561 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $9.41 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012563 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $16.98 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012565 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $28.28 12/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012567 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $18.96 12/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128012569 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $24.20 04/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139757502 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $38.60 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139757530 CMS
Incyte Corporation $15.44 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141259215 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $94.99 01/02/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078439523 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $94.99 03/22/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078451482 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $12.81 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078439722 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $1.75 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078449189 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $82.95 11/26/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078452164 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $32.93 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135714566 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $24.77 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087242979 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $13.96 05/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087242981 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $27.35 07/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087242983 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.42 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131662652 CMS
PFIZER INC. $7.00 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131400785 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.60 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131693997 CMS
PFIZER INC. $4.33 05/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131434669 CMS
PFIZER INC. $12.23 05/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131435655 CMS
PFIZER INC. $14.23 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131868198 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.85 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131940549 CMS
PFIZER INC. $15.85 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132084216 CMS
PFIZER INC. $13.92 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131199893 CMS
PFIZER INC. $12.91 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131424703 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $22.43 08/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114371054 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $23.47 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114371056 CMS
SANOFI-AVENTIS U.S. LLC $99.00 11/07/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139757574 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $26.91 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242663 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $11.97 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242703 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $19.56 02/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242659 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $15.96 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242665 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $23.22 03/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242661 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $17.83 03/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242667 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $17.03 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242669 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $28.03 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242673 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $16.83 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242671 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $12.13 04/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242675 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $14.62 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242679 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $26.51 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242677 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $26.23 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242709 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $8.68 08/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242683 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $33.86 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242681 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $21.90 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242685 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $18.91 09/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242687 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $14.07 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242705 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $15.11 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242697 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $18.05 09/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242693 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $25.97 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242691 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $12.18 10/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242711 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $18.05 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242695 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $12.86 11/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242707 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $33.07 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242689 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $23.93 11/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242699 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $14.09 12/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152242701 CMS
UCB, Inc. $15.58 01/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143387786 CMS
UCB, Inc. $17.10 03/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143387790 CMS
UCB, Inc. $32.14 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143387794 CMS
UCB, Inc. $4.57 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143387798 CMS
UCB, Inc. $5.21 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143387803 CMS
UCB, Inc. $6.81 04/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395781 CMS
UCB, Inc. $6.82 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395783 CMS
UCB, Inc. $24.32 05/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395785 CMS
UCB, Inc. $33.88 05/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395787 CMS
UCB, Inc. $18.89 06/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395789 CMS
UCB, Inc. $15.82 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395791 CMS
UCB, Inc. $24.15 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395793 CMS
UCB, Inc. $8.84 09/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395795 CMS
UCB, Inc. $7.27 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395797 CMS
UCB, Inc. $13.70 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395799 CMS
UCB, Inc. $10.48 10/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395801 CMS
UCB, Inc. $13.83 10/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395803 CMS
UCB, Inc. $23.33 12/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395805 CMS
UCB, Inc. $25.77 12/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395807 CMS
UCB, Inc. $13.88 12/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143395809 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.