Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · CMS publication 2026-06-30 View official record

Reflects CMS Open Payments as of 2026-07-26T04:22:22Z. CMS updates this data on an annual cycle, and corrections or successful disputes made at CMS may not yet appear here. The official CMS record is authoritative for the current state. View the official CMS record ↗

Covered recipient · General Payments record

SMITHA S KUPPALLI

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Dermatology

NPI
1063649150
CMS profile
1247444
Location
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA

A name match is not confirmation of identity. CMS publishes records for different people under similar names; the NPI, specialty, and location shown on this page are the CMS-published fields that distinguish them.

General Payments · PY2019–2025

  • CMS publication 2026-06-30

Latest program year · PY2025

$2,855.99

158 records · 0 disputed

“Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.”

— Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Open Payments

A reported payment reflects a financial relationship a company disclosed. It does not indicate wrongdoing or a conflict of interest, and it says nothing about the quality of a provider's care.

These records are submitted to CMS and attested to by the reporting companies. CMS publishes them as reported; this site mirrors them without independent verification.

A payment attributed to a provider may have been made to a third party — a hospital, practice, or research institution — rather than paid to the provider personally.

How these totals are calculated
  • This total is the sum of the individual General Payments record amounts CMS published for the labeled program year(s); each record amount is used unmodified. The total itself is computed by this site. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): (records>=3 OR total>=100) AND records>=2 AND NPI identity (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2025 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $2,756.00 157
Education $99.99 1

By paying entity

PY2025 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2019 $1,681.21 103
PY2020 $1,565.11 65
PY2021 $1,834.22 101
PY2022 $2,222.44 109
PY2023 $2,486.48 133
PY2024 $2,569.26 135
PY2025 $2,855.99 158

Payment records · PY2025 (158)

Ordering applied by this site (date, newest first, then paying entity) · record values are shown as CMS published them

Program year 2025 201920202021202220232024 Record-level detail is published for PY2025; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
Incyte Corporation $28.42 12/23/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1226019443 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $96.80 12/18/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247865 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $2.46 12/18/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667165 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $15.34 12/18/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175221151 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $30.32 12/17/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252017467 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $29.50 12/15/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469501 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $20.06 12/12/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200267414 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $3.17 12/10/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667163 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $23.84 12/08/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200267412 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $33.58 12/03/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247863 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $8.49 12/03/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667161 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $23.66 12/01/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252017465 CMS
UCB, Inc. $8.36 12/01/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1224478640 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.23 11/26/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247861 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $17.79 11/26/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667159 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $4.16 11/26/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175221582 CMS
Organon LLC $1.08 11/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646740 CMS
Organon LLC $2.42 11/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646742 CMS
Organon LLC $2.67 11/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646744 CMS
PFIZER INC. $26.79 11/19/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1229337243 CMS
STRATA Skin Sciences, Inc. $9.50 11/14/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1253015402 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.55 11/13/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247857 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $8.64 11/13/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247859 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $3.43 11/12/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667155 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $3.65 11/12/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667157 CMS
Incyte Corporation $26.49 11/12/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1226190695 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $29.73 11/10/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200329022 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.48 11/07/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247855 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $6.30 11/06/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175220342 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $23.97 11/03/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252372577 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $6.32 10/22/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667153 CMS
PFIZER INC. $1.76 10/22/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1229852366 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $31.97 10/21/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247853 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $11.31 10/20/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667151 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.48 10/20/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1229626174 CMS
Organon LLC $13.66 10/16/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646750 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $24.73 10/15/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252017463 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.84 10/13/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1228475641 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $2.50 10/07/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667149 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $28.37 10/06/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200329014 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.32 10/03/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247851 CMS
Organon LLC $25.95 10/02/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646758 CMS
Incyte Corporation $29.66 09/27/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1226172633 CMS
Organon LLC $9.85 09/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646748 CMS
UCB, Inc. $33.09 09/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1224478638 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $1.63 09/22/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175221340 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $4.79 09/22/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175221627 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.86 09/22/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1229192405 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.77 09/17/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247849 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $28.10 09/15/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200329012 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $2.27 09/09/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175222808 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $4.54 09/09/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175222877 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $36.09 09/08/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469467 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $18.79 09/05/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1184935355 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $4.11 09/05/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667147 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $24.51 09/03/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175222854 CMS
Ortho Dermatologics, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $15.74 09/02/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1220087604 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $9.42 08/29/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469469 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $6.40 08/28/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175220616 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $19.19 08/27/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1251059692 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $1.23 08/26/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667145 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $23.79 08/20/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252372575 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $4.22 08/20/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175220295 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $2.12 08/20/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175221217 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $11.77 08/20/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175222122 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $9.60 08/18/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175220641 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $30.41 08/18/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1212967631 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $9.35 08/14/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469561 CMS
Incyte Corporation $27.09 08/11/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1226038062 CMS
Incyte Corporation $27.09 08/11/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1226140936 CMS
Organon LLC $22.07 08/11/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646754 CMS
Organon LLC $22.07 08/11/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646756 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.92 07/30/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247847 CMS
Organon LLC $0.90 07/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646738 CMS
Organon LLC $15.61 07/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646752 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.56 07/23/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247845 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $20.55 07/21/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667143 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $26.32 07/18/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200329004 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $2.31 07/16/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175222083 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $27.71 07/16/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1186900169 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $23.79 07/14/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252372573 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $8.53 07/14/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469551 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $1.15 07/07/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667141 CMS
Incyte Corporation $25.57 07/07/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1226132972 CMS
Organon LLC $9.13 07/02/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646746 CMS
UCB, Inc. $31.19 06/25/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1224478636 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $2.04 06/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175220834 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $1.63 06/18/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667139 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.52 06/16/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247843 CMS
STRATA Skin Sciences, Inc. $9.51 06/13/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1253015400 CMS
Incyte Corporation $24.41 06/11/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1226089419 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $13.52 06/11/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200328990 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $2.41 06/09/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667137 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $34.52 06/09/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469547 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $18.41 06/04/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1184935323 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $1.30 06/03/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667135 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.99 06/02/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1231660878 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $7.12 05/29/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469545 CMS
UCB, Inc. $30.49 05/28/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1224478634 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.56 05/22/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247841 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.24 05/21/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1186913570 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $0.30 05/19/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175221878 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $0.30 05/19/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175222691 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $34.74 05/19/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200328988 CMS
UCB, Inc. $24.90 05/15/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1224478632 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $99.99 05/14/2025 Education No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175221458 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $28.21 05/12/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175222147 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $7.66 05/09/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175222660 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $14.95 05/09/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200328986 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $8.40 05/08/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469535 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.91 05/05/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1231723979 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $1.45 05/02/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667133 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.30 04/30/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247839 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $3.67 04/30/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667131 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $26.81 04/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1212967629 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $25.59 04/23/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200328984 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $21.78 04/21/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667129 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $10.80 04/21/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175222639 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $19.22 04/16/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1184935311 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $2.13 04/16/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667127 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $14.15 04/15/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667125 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $13.16 04/09/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469525 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $16.07 04/09/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1251059694 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $23.35 04/07/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252372571 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $16.96 03/31/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200328982 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $2.70 03/27/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667123 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $17.46 03/27/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469523 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $29.94 03/27/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252017461 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $29.78 03/26/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175221862 CMS
Amgen Inc. $22.11 03/20/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1228475639 CMS
PFIZER INC. $24.56 03/19/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1231252983 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $10.04 03/17/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175220962 CMS
Organon LLC $18.79 03/17/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646760 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $20.91 03/14/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252017459 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $21.88 03/12/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252372569 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $33.91 03/10/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1212967627 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.47 03/05/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247837 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $24.60 03/03/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175220785 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $31.05 02/26/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175220649 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.02 02/25/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247835 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $26.03 02/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200328976 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $1.35 02/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200328978 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.05 02/20/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247833 CMS
Incyte Corporation $29.21 02/17/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1226056479 CMS
Verrica Pharmaceuticals Inc. $15.53 02/15/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1222326894 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $25.71 02/12/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1186900167 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $34.53 02/10/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1233469515 CMS
Organon LLC $28.49 02/03/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646764 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $19.63 01/30/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1234667121 CMS
STRATA Skin Sciences, Inc. $9.85 01/29/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1253015398 CMS
UCB, Inc. $41.17 01/27/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1224478630 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $28.14 01/24/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1252017457 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.14 01/23/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1202247831 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $17.95 01/22/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1200328974 CMS
Organon LLC $19.83 01/20/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1237646762 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $23.17 01/15/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1175220689 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.99 01/13/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1186937913 CMS
UCB, Inc. $23.58 01/08/2025 Food and Beverage No dispute reported 06/30/2026 1224478628 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-06-30
Program years on this page
2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024 , PY2025
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2025_P06302026_06032026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.

Cite this record.

Plain
SMITHA S KUPPALLI, NPI 1063649150. IndustryPayments, data edition 2026-07-26T04:22:22Z. https://industrypayments.org/provider/npi-1063649150.
APA 7
IndustryPayments. (2026). SMITHA S KUPPALLI, NPI 1063649150 (Data edition 2026-07-26T04:22:22Z) [Data set]. https://industrypayments.org/provider/npi-1063649150
Bluebook
SMITHA S KUPPALLI, NPI 1063649150, IndustryPayments (data edition 2026-07-26T04:22:22Z), https://industrypayments.org/provider/npi-1063649150.

Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Open Payments.