Synthes GmbH
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Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Open Payments
These records are submitted to CMS and attested to by the reporting companies. CMS publishes them as reported; this site mirrors them without independent verification.
Figures reflect General Payments this manufacturer or GPO reported to CMS. Research and Ownership/Investment payments are separate datasets and are not included here.
CMS updates this data on an annual cycle, and corrections or successful disputes made at CMS may not yet appear here. The official CMS record is authoritative for the current state.
Payment records · PY2024
Date, newest first, then reporting company; values as published by CMS.
General Payments · PY2024 · All recipient types · CMS publication 2026-06-30
2,666 matching records · $2,454,298.25 reported total · 0 disputed
Nature of payment: All payment types
Records imported here (UTC).
Download all 2,666 matching records (CSV)
CSV includes CMS record IDs, source and publication dates, the data edition, and a link to these filters. Formula-like text cells are prefixed with an apostrophe for spreadsheet safety.
Showing records 1–50 of 2,666.
| Recipient | Paying entity | Amount | Date | Nature of payment | Dispute status | Publication flags | Published | Record ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Teaching hospital | Synthes GmbH | $12,000.00 | 12/20/2024 | Grant | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577242 | CMS |
| Metrohealth Medical Center Teaching hospital | Synthes GmbH | $12,000.00 | 12/20/2024 | Grant | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077580060 | CMS |
| Metrohealth Medical Center Teaching hospital | Synthes GmbH | $3,000.00 | 12/20/2024 | Grant | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077580118 | CMS |
| University Of Washington Med Ctr Teaching hospital | Synthes GmbH | $7,500.00 | 12/20/2024 | Grant | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077581432 | CMS |
| Univ Of Mi Hospitals & Hlth Ctrs Teaching hospital | Synthes GmbH | $4,000.00 | 12/19/2024 | Grant | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578722 | CMS |
| RYAN STEFAN LOHRE Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $150.00 | 12/18/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578302 | CMS |
| EMIL DIONYSIAN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $250.00 | 12/10/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077576624 | CMS |
| YOUSIF AHMED Y ALAMMAR Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $214.25 | 12/10/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577186 | CMS |
| JEFFREY LAWTON Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $250.00 | 12/10/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578680 | CMS |
| MARCO RIZZO Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $250.00 | 12/10/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578934 | CMS |
| SONU A JAIN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $250.00 | 12/10/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077579966 | CMS |
| KEVIN J MALONE Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $250.00 | 12/10/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077580090 | CMS |
| KIMBERLY K MEZERA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $250.00 | 12/10/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077580690 | CMS |
| JEFFREY WILLIAM CHADWICK Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $214.25 | 12/10/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077580850 | CMS |
| JERRY I HUANG Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $250.00 | 12/10/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077581252 | CMS |
| PHILIP KYUNG LIM Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $702.75 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077576898 | CMS |
| WILLIAM TOSHIO KENT Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $140.55 | 12/07/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577090 | CMS |
| WILLIAM TOSHIO KENT Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $962.80 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577102 | CMS |
| WILLIAM TOSHIO KENT Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $304.96 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577118 | CMS |
| WILLIAM TOSHIO KENT Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $1,500.00 | 12/07/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577120 | CMS |
| DANIEL J MEARA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $428.50 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577444 | CMS |
| DANIEL J MEARA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $285.95 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577448 | CMS |
| DANIEL J MEARA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $2,000.00 | 12/07/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577452 | CMS |
| DANIEL J MEARA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $173.00 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577464 | CMS |
| JENNIFER L BRUGGERS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $506.95 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577794 | CMS |
| JENNIFER L BRUGGERS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $140.55 | 12/07/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577798 | CMS |
| JENNIFER L BRUGGERS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $1,500.00 | 12/07/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577800 | CMS |
| JENNIFER L BRUGGERS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $69.00 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577808 | CMS |
| JENNIFER L BRUGGERS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $722.10 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577814 | CMS |
| JOSEPH COHEN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $731.30 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577890 | CMS |
| JOSEPH COHEN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $702.75 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577896 | CMS |
| JOSEPH COHEN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $1,500.00 | 12/07/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077577912 | CMS |
| FREDERICK E TONNOS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $140.55 | 12/07/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578754 | CMS |
| FREDERICK E TONNOS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $1,500.00 | 12/07/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578756 | CMS |
| FREDERICK E TONNOS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $175.22 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578758 | CMS |
| FREDERICK E TONNOS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $352.96 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578760 | CMS |
| FREDERICK E TONNOS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $722.10 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578762 | CMS |
| LAURA R GARCIA RODRIGUEZ Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $90.00 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578782 | CMS |
| LAURA R GARCIA RODRIGUEZ Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $547.32 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578784 | CMS |
| LAURA R GARCIA RODRIGUEZ Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $606.95 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578786 | CMS |
| LAURA R GARCIA RODRIGUEZ Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $147.46 | 12/07/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578788 | CMS |
| LAURA R GARCIA RODRIGUEZ Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $1,500.00 | 12/07/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077578792 | CMS |
| LAUREN B GROSSMAN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $151.06 | 12/07/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077579894 | CMS |
| LAUREN B GROSSMAN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $2,000.00 | 12/07/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077579896 | CMS |
| LAUREN B GROSSMAN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $279.95 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077579898 | CMS |
| LAUREN B GROSSMAN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $493.32 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077579900 | CMS |
| CARLA SUE SMITH Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $1,500.00 | 12/07/2024 | Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a medical education program | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077581176 | CMS |
| CARLA SUE SMITH Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $702.75 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077581180 | CMS |
| CARLA SUE SMITH Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $66.24 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077581182 | CMS |
| CARLA SUE SMITH Physician / non-physician practitioner | Synthes GmbH | $657.95 | 12/07/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1077581188 | CMS |
Practitioner overview · all loaded program years
1,466 providers listed 14,733 records General Payments
General Payments to practitioners — all loaded program years
- Category: General Payments
- Program years: 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025
- Record count: 14,733
- Providers listed: 1,466
Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.
Figures reflect General Payments this manufacturer or GPO reported to CMS. Research and Ownership/Investment payments are separate datasets and are not included here.
Coverage: program years 2019–2025, General Payments only, reported to physicians and non-physician practitioners. Payments to teaching hospitals are not included in these practitioner figures. Each figure is labeled with its category and program year; categories are never combined.
Practitioner payments by program year
| Program year | Reported | Records | Providers | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PY2019 | $2,182,036.78 | 1,904 | 457 | This company in PY2019 → |
| PY2020 | $1,069,571.25 | 1,276 | 322 | This company in PY2020 → |
| PY2021 | $1,476,565.54 | 1,299 | 405 | This company in PY2021 → |
| PY2022 | $1,651,929.03 | 2,284 | 431 | This company in PY2022 → |
| PY2023 | $1,968,097.65 | 2,602 | 503 | This company in PY2023 → |
| PY2024 | $1,835,333.31 | 2,614 | 582 | This company in PY2024 → |
| PY2025 | $1,925,449.84 | 2,754 | 553 | This company in PY2025 → |
By recipient specialty (44)
Sorted by name; identical names by identifier.
Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians 37 specialties 1,365 providers
- Internal Medicine 2
- Internal Medicine · Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology 1
- Internal Medicine · Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism 2
- Internal Medicine · Gastroenterology 1
- Internal Medicine · Nephrology 1
- Neurological Surgery 117
- Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine & OMM 3
- Ophthalmology 10
- Ophthalmology · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 35
- Orthopaedic Surgery 503
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Adult Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery 18
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Foot and Ankle Surgery 9
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Hand Surgery 53
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine 119
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Orthopaedic Trauma 242
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery 6
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Sports Medicine 37
- Otolaryngology 66
- Otolaryngology · Facial Plastic Surgery 9
- Otolaryngology · Otolaryngology/Facial Plastic Surgery 9
- Otolaryngology · Otology & Neurotology 1
- Otolaryngology · Pediatric Otolaryngology 1
- Otolaryngology · Plastic Surgery within the Head & Neck 9
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1
- Plastic Surgery 50
- Plastic Surgery · Plastic Surgery Within the Head and Neck 5
- Plastic Surgery · Surgery of the Hand 3
- Radiology · Diagnostic Radiology 1
- Surgery 5
- Surgery · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 31
- Surgery · Surgery of the Hand 8
- Surgery · Surgical Critical Care 1
- Surgery · Surgical Oncology 1
- Surgery · Trauma Surgery 1
- Surgery · Vascular Surgery 1
- Thoracic Surgery (Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery) 1
Dental Providers 3 specialties 41 providers
Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers 1 specialty 2 providers
Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers 3 specialties 47 providers
Providers listed (1,466)
Sorted by name; identical names by identifier.
| Provider | Specialty | State | Records reported by this company |
|---|---|---|---|
| AARON JOSEPH JOHNSON | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MD | 2 |
| AARON KYLE HOYT | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | IL | 2 |
| AARON M PERDUE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MI | 1 |
| AARON T LIDDELL | Dental Providers|Dentist|Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | CO | 43 |
| AARTI AGARWAL | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Otolaryngology|Plastic Surgery within the Head & Neck | PA | 1 |
| AATIF SAYEED | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CA | 5 |
| ABDULBAKI KOZAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Neurological Surgery | OH | 3 |
| ABDULLAH AL-ARFAJ | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Neurological Surgery | MI | 1 |
| ABRAR ADIL ANSARI | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | GA | 3 |
| ADAM ADLER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | TX | 1 |
| ADAM ARCHIE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | GA | 4 |
| ADAM G HIRSCHFELD | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Trauma | OH | 8 |
| ADAM LEE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Trauma | IL | 27 |
| ADAM M GREEN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine | MN | 2 |
| ADAM M KAUFMAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | NC | 31 |
| ADAM MOHAMED FAHS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MI | 3 |
| ADAM PHILLIP BRECEDA | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | TX | 15 |
| ADAM YANKE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Sports Medicine | IL | 3 |
| ADEET AMIN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | OK | 2 |
| ADEWALE BAKARE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Neurological Surgery | MO | 2 |
| ADITYA MURALIDHARAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine | CA | 2 |
| AFSHIN ANOUSHIRAVANI | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CA | 2 |
| AHMED MOHAMED THABET THABET HAGAG | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | TX | 7 |
| AJIKUMAR V ARYANGAT | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine|Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism | TX | 3 |
| AKACHIMERE UZOSIKE | — | MD | 2 |
| AKIRA YAMADA | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Plastic Surgery | IL | 1 |
| ALAN A HARVEY | Dental Providers|Dentist | IL | 5 |
| ALAN A MACGILL | Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers|Podiatrist|Foot & Ankle Surgery | FL | 18 |
| ALAN HERFORD | Dental Providers|Dentist|Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | CA | 31 |
| ALAN JOB | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine | NY | 2 |
| ALAN M AFSARI | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MI | 1 |
| ALAN TOSHIYA KAWAGUCHI | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CA | 8 |
| ALBERT EDWARD TELFEIAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Neurological Surgery | RI | 3 |
| ALBERT SUK WON WOO | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Plastic Surgery|Plastic Surgery Within the Head and Neck | RI | 32 |
| ALEKSEY DVORZHINSKIY | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Trauma | NY | 2 |
| ALESHA N SCOTT | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Trauma | NE | 2 |
| ALEXANDER ALEEM | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MO | 4 |
| ALEXANDER BENEDICK | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Trauma | OH | 2 |
| ALEXANDER DAN-FONG LI | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine | WA | 2 |
| ALEXANDER E GRAF | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Otolaryngology | NY | 2 |
| ALEXANDER G CHARTRAIN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Plastic Surgery | CA | 4 |
| ALEXANDER LEE TELIS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | WA | 1 |
| ALEXANDER MAYERS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Trauma | NV | 4 |
| ALEXANDER MICHAEL | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Otolaryngology | WI | 4 |
| ALEXANDER O AKOTO | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine | NY | 2 |
| ALEXANDER R VACCARO | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | PA | 5 |
| ALEXANDER ROBERT WESSEL | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CO | 1 |
| ALEXANDER UPFILL-BROWN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CA | 2 |
| ALEXANDRA K SCHWARTZ | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CA | 15 |
| ALEXIS D GASKIN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CA | 1 |