Kairos Surgical Inc
Saved only in this browser. No account or alerts.
Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Open Payments
These records are submitted to CMS and attested to by the reporting companies. CMS publishes them as reported; this site mirrors them without independent verification.
Figures reflect General Payments this manufacturer or GPO reported to CMS. Research and Ownership/Investment payments are separate datasets and are not included here.
CMS updates this data on an annual cycle, and corrections or successful disputes made at CMS may not yet appear here. The official CMS record is authoritative for the current state.
Payment records · PY2024
Date, newest first, then reporting company; values as published by CMS.
General Payments · PY2024 · All recipient types · CMS publication 2026-06-30
537 matching records · $59,443.95 reported total · 0 disputed
Nature of payment: All payment types
Records imported here (UTC).
CSV includes CMS record IDs, source and publication dates, the data edition, and a link to these filters. Formula-like text cells are prefixed with an apostrophe for spreadsheet safety.
Showing records 1–50 of 537.
| Recipient | Paying entity | Amount | Date | Nature of payment | Dispute status | Publication flags | Published | Record ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STEPHEN EDWARD MARCACCIO Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $22.32 | 12/26/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903370 | CMS |
| AMY L BROWN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $13.10 | 12/17/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902724 | CMS |
| EVAN A ODONNELL Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $107.00 | 12/17/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902986 | CMS |
| BRANDON KELEMEN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $30.04 | 12/16/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902390 | CMS |
| ROBERT KELEMEN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $30.04 | 12/16/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902414 | CMS |
| AMY L BROWN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $30.04 | 12/16/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902728 | CMS |
| EVAN A ODONNELL Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $73.30 | 12/16/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903926 | CMS |
| CHRISTOPHER JOHN DEFRANCESCO Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $19.85 | 12/11/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902590 | CMS |
| BENTON E HEYWORTH Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $19.85 | 12/11/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903603 | CMS |
| LUCAS DE VIRGILIO Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $19.85 | 12/11/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903709 | CMS |
| ADAM NASREDDINE Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $19.85 | 12/11/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903875 | CMS |
| ANTHONY J DIMAURO Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $66.06 | 12/10/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902939 | CMS |
| ANTHONY J DIMAURO Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $198.98 | 12/10/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903984 | CMS |
| NICHOLAS A CIOTOLA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $28.32 | 12/09/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902931 | CMS |
| NICHOLAS A CIOTOLA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $108.75 | 12/09/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902935 | CMS |
| NICHOLAS A CIOTOLA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $633.94 | 12/08/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903976 | CMS |
| NICHOLAS A CIOTOLA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $20.99 | 12/08/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903980 | CMS |
| LAURA ELIZABETH MICHAUD Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $35.64 | 12/06/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903992 | CMS |
| LAURA ELIZABETH MICHAUD Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $120.57 | 12/05/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903988 | CMS |
| NATHALIA CRISTINA DOOBAY Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $31.64 | 12/04/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903663 | CMS |
| MICHAEL T LEGEYT Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $48.44 | 12/04/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903886 | CMS |
| AMRIT V VINOD Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $19.35 | 12/02/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902504 | CMS |
| MARK C DRAKOS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $13.85 | 11/22/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903890 | CMS |
| ANTHONY P MECHREFE Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $13.85 | 11/22/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903946 | CMS |
| LAURENCE D HIGGINS Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $13.85 | 11/22/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903961 | CMS |
| MELISSA M MURPHY Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $238.65 | 11/20/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902883 | CMS |
| MELISSA M MURPHY Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $356.00 | 11/20/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902887 | CMS |
| MELISSA M MURPHY Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $166.66 | 11/20/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902891 | CMS |
| GUY RICHARD NICASTRI Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $166.66 | 11/20/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902895 | CMS |
| GUY RICHARD NICASTRI Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $238.65 | 11/20/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902900 | CMS |
| GUY RICHARD NICASTRI Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $356.00 | 11/20/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902903 | CMS |
| LISA S RAMEAKA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $238.65 | 11/20/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902907 | CMS |
| LISA S RAMEAKA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $386.00 | 11/20/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902911 | CMS |
| LISA S RAMEAKA Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $166.66 | 11/20/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902915 | CMS |
| JAMES W SNEAD Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $28.12 | 11/19/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902614 | CMS |
| NIMIT A PATEL Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $238.65 | 11/18/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902958 | CMS |
| NIMIT A PATEL Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $115.28 | 11/17/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902962 | CMS |
| CHRISTOPHER S ROBERTSON Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $241.78 | 11/14/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902379 | CMS |
| TODD D OBRIEN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $241.78 | 11/14/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902422 | CMS |
| CATHERINE RAPP Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $241.78 | 11/14/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902705 | CMS |
| NIMIT A PATEL Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $241.78 | 11/14/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902966 | CMS |
| THOMAS F BURKE Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $241.78 | 11/14/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153903026 | CMS |
| OGNJEN STEVANOVIC Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $35.60 | 11/12/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902153 | CMS |
| ROBERT C HAGBERG Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $37.26 | 11/08/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902402 | CMS |
| SABET W HASHIM Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $37.26 | 11/08/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902406 | CMS |
| DINA AL RAMENI Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $37.26 | 11/08/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902410 | CMS |
| PAUL J HOULE Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $23.33 | 11/08/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902642 | CMS |
| ZAFAR IQBAL AHMAD Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $21.16 | 11/08/2024 | Food and Beverage | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902686 | CMS |
| ZAFAR IQBAL AHMAD Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $188.77 | 11/08/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902690 | CMS |
| JESSICA L AIDLEN Physician / non-physician practitioner | Kairos Surgical Inc | $23.33 | 11/08/2024 | Travel and Lodging | No dispute reported | Delay: No Change: UNCHANGED | 06/30/2026 | 1153902919 | CMS |
Practitioner overview · all loaded program years
981 providers listed 3,153 records General Payments
General Payments to practitioners — all loaded program years
- Category: General Payments
- Program years: 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025
- Record count: 3,153
- Providers listed: 981
Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.
Figures reflect General Payments this manufacturer or GPO reported to CMS. Research and Ownership/Investment payments are separate datasets and are not included here.
Coverage: program years 2019–2025, General Payments only, reported to physicians and non-physician practitioners. Payments to teaching hospitals are not included in these practitioner figures. Each figure is labeled with its category and program year; categories are never combined.
Practitioner payments by program year
| Program year | Reported | Records | Providers | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PY2019 | $146,101.21 | 261 | 138 | This company in PY2019 → |
| PY2020 | $116,687.15 | 202 | 110 | This company in PY2020 → |
| PY2021 | $346,135.06 | 675 | 262 | This company in PY2021 → |
| PY2022 | $359,262.47 | 716 | 325 | This company in PY2022 → |
| PY2023 | $77,452.51 | 491 | 256 | This company in PY2023 → |
| PY2024 | $59,443.95 | 537 | 298 | This company in PY2024 → |
| PY2025 | $26,795.41 | 271 | 154 | This company in PY2025 → |
By recipient specialty (56)
Sorted by name; identical names by identifier.
Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians 36 specialties 646 providers
- Anesthesiology · Pain Medicine 2
- Colon & Rectal Surgery 1
- Dermatology 5
- Family Medicine 1
- Family Medicine · Sports Medicine 2
- Internal Medicine 4
- Internal Medicine · Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology 1
- Internal Medicine · Cardiovascular Disease 1
- Internal Medicine · Infectious Disease 1
- Internal Medicine · Nephrology 1
- Neurological Surgery 3
- Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine, Sports Medicine 1
- Obstetrics & Gynecology 1
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Gynecologic Oncology 1
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 1
- Orthopaedic Surgery 346
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Adult Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery 5
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Foot and Ankle Surgery 22
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Hand Surgery 61
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine 12
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Orthopaedic Trauma 5
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery 15
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Sports Medicine 107
- Pain Medicine · Interventional Pain Medicine 1
- Pediatrics 1
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 3
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · Sports Medicine 1
- Plastic Surgery 9
- Plastic Surgery · Surgery of the Hand 4
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Neurology 1
- Surgery 5
- Surgery · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5
- Surgery · Surgery of the Hand 9
- Surgery · Trauma Surgery 1
- Thoracic Surgery (Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery) 6
- Urology 1
Chiropractic Providers 1 specialty 1 providers
Dental Providers 3 specialties 5 providers
Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers 11 specialties 115 providers
- Nurse Anesthetist, Certified Registered 1
- Nurse Practitioner 3
- Nurse Practitioner · Acute Care 3
- Nurse Practitioner · Adult Health 3
- Nurse Practitioner · Family 5
- Nurse Practitioner · Gerontology 1
- Nurse Practitioner · Occupational Health 1
- Nurse Practitioner · Pediatrics 1
- Physician Assistant 63
- Physician Assistant · Medical 5
- Physician Assistant · Surgical 29
Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers 5 specialties 180 providers
Providers listed (981)
Sorted by name; identical names by identifier.
| Provider | Specialty | State | Records reported by this company |
|---|---|---|---|
| AARON GARDINER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MA | 4 |
| ABHAY R PATEL | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MA | 2 |
| ABHIRAM R BHASHYAM | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MA | 1 |
| ABIGAIL BODUCH | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | PA | 3 |
| ABINASH MISHRA | Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers|Podiatrist | NY | 2 |
| ABRAHAM T SHURLAND | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Sports Medicine | MA | 2 |
| ADAM B FLEIT | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Hand Surgery | NH | 1 |
| ADAM J RANA | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | ME | 1 |
| ADAM NASREDDINE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery | MO | 4 |
| ADAM P SANGEORZAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Foot and Ankle Surgery | WA | 1 |
| ADAM S LANDSMAN | Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers|Podiatrist|Foot Surgery | MA | 2 |
| ADAM T HARDER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MA | 1 |
| ADEM L COSGEL | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Physician Assistant|Surgical | CT | 3 |
| AGAM A SHAH | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MA | 1 |
| AGNES Z DARDAS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Hand Surgery | CT | 5 |
| AJAYPAUL SINGH | Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers|Podiatrist|Foot & Ankle Surgery | MA | 2 |
| AKSHAY GL YADHATI | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine | TX | 1 |
| ALAN HSIEH LEE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Sports Medicine | CA | 1 |
| ALAN S CURTIS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MA | 2 |
| ALANNA BROOKE BALBONI | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Adult Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery | CA | 2 |
| ALBERT EDWARD TELFEIAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Neurological Surgery | RI | 1 |
| ALEC A MACAULAY | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MA | 1 |
| ALEXANDER C HENNIG | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | NH | 1 |
| ALEXANDER C HIGGINS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | WA | 2 |
| ALEXANDER J CONNAUGHTON | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MA | 3 |
| ALEXANDER J HIGGINS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Family Medicine | NJ | 1 |
| ALEXANDER J RONDON | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | NY | 1 |
| ALEXANDER MARTIN CLARK | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | NY | 4 |
| ALEXANDER MICHAEL CRAWFORD | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | PA | 2 |
| ALEXANDER TROTTIER | Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers|Podiatrist|Foot & Ankle Surgery | RI | 2 |
| ALEXANDRA JUDITH BROWN | Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers|Podiatrist|Foot & Ankle Surgery | MA | 1 |
| ALEXANDRA PAIGE JURELLER | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Physician Assistant|Surgical | MA | 1 |
| ALFRED J PHILLIPS | Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers|Podiatrist|Foot & Ankle Surgery | MA | 2 |
| ALICE HUNTER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Surgery|Surgery of the Hand | MA | 3 |
| ALISHIA ZYER | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Physician Assistant | RI | 2 |
| ALISON K SAROKHAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Hand Surgery | CT | 5 |
| ALISSA R KUIZINAS | Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers|Podiatrist | MA | 2 |
| ALLISON E CREPEAU | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CT | 2 |
| ALY M FAYED | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Foot and Ankle Surgery | IA | 1 |
| ALYSSA ROTHMAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | MA | 2 |
| AMANDA FANTRY | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CT | 3 |
| AMANDA K KEENE | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Physician Assistant|Surgical | ME | 5 |
| AMIR A SHAHIEN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Sports Medicine | AL | 2 |
| AMIR HOSSEIN LEBASTCHI | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Urology | CA | 1 |
| AMIR LEBASCHI | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | CT | 1 |
| AMMER DBEIS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Hand Surgery | AZ | 1 |
| AMRIT V VINOD | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery|Sports Medicine | IL | 21 |
| AMY K BROWN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Obstetrics & Gynecology|Gynecologic Oncology | CT | 1 |
| AMY L BROWN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | PA | 11 |
| AMY L KWONG | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Physician Assistant | MA | 1 |