Reflects CMS Open Payments as of 2026-07-26T04:22:22Z. CMS updates this data on an annual cycle, and corrections or successful disputes made at CMS may not yet appear here. The official CMS record is authoritative for the current state. View the official CMS record ↗

Covered recipient · General Payments record

NATASHA FRASER CHANDLER

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Internal Medicine

NPI: 1730682659
CMS profile: 11469302
Location: LOUISVILLE, KY

A name match is not confirmation of identity. CMS publishes records for different people under similar names; the NPI, specialty, and location shown on this page are the CMS-published fields that distinguish them.

General Payments · PY2023–2025

CMS publication 2026-06-30

Latest program year · PY2025

$3,375.70

133 records · 0 disputed

“Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.”
— Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Open Payments

A reported payment reflects a financial relationship a company disclosed. It does not indicate wrongdoing or a conflict of interest, and it says nothing about the quality of a provider's care.

These records are submitted to CMS and attested to by the reporting companies. CMS publishes them as reported; this site mirrors them without independent verification.

A payment attributed to a provider may have been made to a third party — a hospital, practice, or research institution — rather than paid to the provider personally.

How these totals are calculated

This total is the sum of the individual General Payments record amounts CMS published for the labeled program year(s); each record amount is used unmodified. The total itself is computed by this site. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): (records>=3 OR total>=100) AND records>=2 AND NPI identity (all years).
Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2025 · sorted by reported total

Nature of payment	Amount	Records
Food and Beverage	$3,375.70	133

By paying entity

PY2025 · sorted by reported total

Paying entity	Amount	Records
NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION	$363.32	12
Celgene Corporation	$263.79	9
Amgen Inc.	$259.75	3
PFIZER INC.	$224.20	10
GENZYME CORPORATION	$193.04	6
Daiichi Sankyo Inc.	$159.89	7
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$128.38	4
PharmaEssentia USA Corporation	$113.39	5
Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation	$113.20	5
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$108.62	4
ABBVIE INC.	$103.76	5
Incyte Corporation	$98.55	4
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$93.32	4
Genentech USA, Inc.	$88.86	4
Acerta Pharma LLC	$79.89	3
Stemline Therapeutics Inc.	$74.23	4
Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$74.01	3
SOBI, INC	$58.54	2
PUMA BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC.	$57.75	3
Coherus Biosciences Inc.	$57.34	3
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$50.94	2
AVEO Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$49.29	3
EISAI INC.	$45.36	3
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$40.07	2
Legend Biotech USA Inc.	$38.81	2
RECORDATI_RARE_DISEASES_INC.	$38.48	2
Gilead Sciences, Inc.	$38.02	2
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C.	$36.71	2
Geron Corporation	$34.74	1
Immunocore Limited	$26.42	1
Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$26.39	1
Pharmacosmos Therapeutics Inc.	$25.40	1
TAIHO ONCOLOGY, INC.	$25.04	1
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$24.60	1
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$23.16	1
Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$21.94	1
Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC	$21.62	1
Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$19.26	1
Sandoz Inc.	$17.47	1
OptiNose US, Inc.	$14.82	1
Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$14.79	1
Blueprint Medicines Corporation	$14.54	1
Nuvation Bio Inc.	$14.00	1

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program year	Amount	Records
PY2023	$348.84	3
PY2024	$1,488.83	52
PY2025	$3,375.70	133

Payment records · PY2025 (133)

Ordering applied by this site (date, newest first, then paying entity) · record values are shown as CMS published them

Program year 2025 2023 2024 Record-level detail is published for PY2025; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.

Paying entity	Amount	Date	Nature of payment	Dispute status	Published	Record ID	Source
Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$19.09	12/19/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1199903138	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$31.61	12/18/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1233233210	CMS
Genentech USA, Inc.	$17.83	12/17/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1211558124	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$25.92	12/15/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977621	CMS
Nuvation Bio Inc.	$14.00	12/15/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1250361410	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$17.12	12/10/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200023735	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$24.06	12/09/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1223889779	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$75.59	12/06/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1233233204	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$18.00	12/04/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1230929554	CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc.	$27.22	12/03/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1197011197	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$34.84	12/02/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977613	CMS
PharmaEssentia USA Corporation	$26.06	12/01/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1246835576	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$34.72	11/20/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977599	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$28.30	11/19/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200023733	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$20.93	11/18/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1174527155	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$31.44	11/13/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977601	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$15.89	11/13/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200023731	CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC.	$24.60	11/11/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1191460122	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$22.93	11/11/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1230783794	CMS
Coherus Oncology, Inc.	$22.20	11/06/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1235234930	CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc.	$23.75	11/05/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1197007985	CMS
Immunocore Limited	$26.42	11/05/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1235827254	CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	$22.80	10/31/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1238308634	CMS
Geron Corporation	$34.74	10/30/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1238887490	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$24.50	10/29/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1230843784	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$17.26	10/27/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200023727	CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	$21.90	10/23/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1238218710	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$24.10	10/22/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1174535063	CMS
Incyte Corporation	$28.53	10/21/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1226184089	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$33.76	10/20/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977593	CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc.	$23.85	10/17/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1197032411	CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	$22.20	10/17/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1238308934	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$20.79	10/16/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1225491351	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$20.31	10/07/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1233233190	CMS
Stemline Therapeutics Inc.	$13.87	10/03/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1244100975	CMS
Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC	$21.62	10/02/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1250527195	CMS
Stemline Therapeutics Inc.	$17.46	10/02/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1244100979	CMS
Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$19.26	10/01/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1242669132	CMS
Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$26.39	09/29/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1247378024	CMS
Legend Biotech USA Inc.	$15.05	09/26/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1236482238	CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	$23.16	09/25/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1234332331	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$22.66	09/25/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1230472429	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$33.90	09/23/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1222901989	CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc.	$20.99	09/17/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1197022053	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$25.90	09/16/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1206328659	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$18.51	09/12/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1229820422	CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc.	$24.43	09/11/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1197028143	CMS
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$25.83	09/10/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1212787214	CMS
PharmaEssentia USA Corporation	$27.92	09/09/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1246835538	CMS
Pharmacosmos Therapeutics Inc.	$25.40	09/08/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1250726126	CMS
Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$14.95	08/29/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1199903136	CMS
PUMA BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC.	$18.15	08/27/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1251748179	CMS
Amgen Inc.	$18.20	08/26/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1228451626	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$21.50	08/25/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1233233182	CMS
Genentech USA, Inc.	$25.85	08/22/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1211558119	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$19.65	08/20/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1201629810	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$32.27	08/20/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1222901987	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$23.61	08/19/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1233233184	CMS
SOBI, INC	$24.46	08/18/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1240271413	CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc.	$23.98	08/15/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1197016299	CMS
Amgen Inc.	$121.85	08/14/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1228451624	CMS
Sandoz Inc.	$17.47	08/13/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1181969919	CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc.	$15.67	08/11/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1197020375	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$24.65	08/07/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1201629808	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$25.70	08/06/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1229703128	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$21.59	08/04/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1212886372	CMS
Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$21.94	08/01/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1253249026	CMS
Genentech USA, Inc.	$27.85	07/31/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1211558116	CMS
Stemline Therapeutics Inc.	$20.12	07/29/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1244100971	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$27.75	07/25/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977535	CMS
Coherus Oncology, Inc.	$20.98	07/24/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1235234891	CMS
Incyte Corporation	$27.77	07/24/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1226148108	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$17.80	07/23/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200174378	CMS
PharmaEssentia USA Corporation	$19.76	07/17/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1246835524	CMS
Eisai Inc.	$16.94	07/16/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1244501968	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$139.99	07/15/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200174372	CMS
TAIHO ONCOLOGY, INC.	$25.04	07/14/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1211413716	CMS
Legend Biotech USA Inc.	$23.76	07/10/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1236482236	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$18.48	07/09/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1212886370	CMS
Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$15.25	07/07/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1199903134	CMS
PUMA BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC.	$20.27	07/03/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1251744754	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$23.47	07/01/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200174376	CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	$21.87	06/30/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1238172572	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$31.77	06/27/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1222901985	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$24.28	06/25/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1223891132	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$27.73	06/20/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977529	CMS
PharmaEssentia USA Corporation	$21.23	06/18/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1246835500	CMS
RECORDATI_RARE_DISEASES_INC.	$22.36	06/17/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1181713676	CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C.	$15.30	06/12/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977509	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$26.72	06/10/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1225491349	CMS
Stemline Therapeutics Inc.	$22.78	06/09/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1244100967	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$26.01	06/04/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1207180784	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$16.88	05/29/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200174368	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$18.80	05/27/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1201629806	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$22.71	05/22/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977515	CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc.	$15.20	05/22/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1234570864	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$18.48	05/21/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200174366	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$22.59	05/13/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200174370	CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$26.50	05/07/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1225491347	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$22.15	05/07/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1229178660	CMS
Eisai Inc.	$13.50	05/06/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1244501966	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$36.23	05/02/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1223936300	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$24.05	05/01/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1223889690	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$23.63	04/30/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1229190736	CMS
PUMA BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC.	$19.33	04/29/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1251742746	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$24.92	04/24/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977505	CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C.	$21.41	04/23/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1184977491	CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$30.44	04/21/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1222901983	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$22.20	04/18/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1229084367	CMS
Incyte Corporation	$24.37	04/17/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1226079033	CMS
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$25.11	04/14/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1212787196	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$25.48	04/11/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200174364	CMS
Eisai Inc.	$14.92	04/10/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1244501964	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$20.42	04/10/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1233233154	CMS
Amgen Inc.	$119.70	04/08/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1228451622	CMS
Incyte Corporation	$17.88	04/03/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1226104528	CMS
SOBI, INC	$34.08	04/01/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1240271419	CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP	$27.98	03/31/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1207247533	CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	$24.43	03/27/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1238263992	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$22.31	03/24/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1174532763	CMS
PharmaEssentia USA Corporation	$18.42	03/19/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1246835434	CMS
Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$14.79	03/18/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1238990370	CMS
RECORDATI_RARE_DISEASES_INC.	$16.12	03/13/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1181713674	CMS
Blueprint Medicines Corporation	$14.54	02/25/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1235816877	CMS
Genentech USA, Inc.	$17.33	02/25/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1211558112	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$19.44	02/07/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1201629804	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$21.22	02/05/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1201629802	CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc.	$22.82	02/05/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1234496420	CMS
Optinose US, Inc.	$14.82	02/04/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1163257930	CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation	$20.06	01/30/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1200174354	CMS
Coherus Oncology, Inc.	$14.16	01/14/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1235234724	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$25.98	01/10/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1174522166	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$23.92	01/07/2025	Food and Beverage	No dispute reported	06/30/2026	1228951905	CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset: CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date: 2026-06-30
Program years on this page: 2023, 2024, 2025
Source files: Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2023 , PY2024 , PY2025
Generated from: OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2025_P06302026_06032026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.

Cite this record.

Permalink https://industrypayments.org/provider/npi-1730682659

Plain: NATASHA FRASER CHANDLER, NPI 1730682659. IndustryPayments, data edition 2026-07-26T04:22:22Z. https://industrypayments.org/provider/npi-1730682659.
APA 7: IndustryPayments. (2026). NATASHA FRASER CHANDLER, NPI 1730682659 (Data edition 2026-07-26T04:22:22Z) [Data set]. https://industrypayments.org/provider/npi-1730682659
Bluebook: NATASHA FRASER CHANDLER, NPI 1730682659, IndustryPayments (data edition 2026-07-26T04:22:22Z), https://industrypayments.org/provider/npi-1730682659.

Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Open Payments.