IndustryPayments
Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

BENSON SYLVANCE BONYO

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Family Medicine

NPI
1386725125
CMS profile
153237
Location
AKRON, OH

General Payments · PY2018–2024

$21,677.62

  • Reported across 1,079 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$8,889.14

154 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

Related groups: Family Medicine OH All categories

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program $4,200.00 2
Food and Beverage $3,314.13 150
Travel and Lodging $1,375.01 2

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Paying entityAmountRecords
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $6,294.58 22
Lilly USA, LLC $373.56 19
Acerta Pharma LLC $352.67 20
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $299.63 18
ABBVIE INC. $278.78 17
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $230.39 9
Corcept Therapeutics $219.41 5
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $158.63 8
PFIZER INC. $142.83 8
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $102.99 5
Novo Nordisk AS $69.67 4
Amgen Inc. $60.07 3
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $52.46 3
Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation $50.98 3
Exact Sciences Corporation $41.36 2
Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $36.71 2
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $32.30 2
UCB, Inc. $29.46 1
Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. $27.94 1
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $19.80 1
Lundbeck LLC $14.92 1

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2018 $1,633.49 129
PY2019 $1,661.16 159
PY2020 $1,935.21 145
PY2021 $2,322.43 147
PY2022 $2,592.96 183
PY2023 $2,643.23 162
PY2024 $8,889.14 154

Payment records · PY2024 (154)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 201820192020202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $8.14 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347192 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.98 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347194 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.80 01/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347196 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.59 02/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347198 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.10 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347200 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $8.00 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347202 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $33.15 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347204 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.60 05/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347206 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $2.40 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347208 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.25 05/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347210 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $11.93 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347212 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.72 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347214 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.10 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347216 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.56 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347218 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.97 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347220 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.31 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347222 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.18 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103347224 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $14.33 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146961928 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $17.97 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146981924 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.72 04/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1111533010 CMS
Amgen Inc. $24.47 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1111533012 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.88 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1111533014 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $14.99 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104415999 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $14.93 02/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104232043 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.29 03/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104709099 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $17.36 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104762056 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.38 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104302952 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $19.87 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104413133 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.19 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105635600 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $34.20 05/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105680559 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.89 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104456126 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.78 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104398085 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $18.10 08/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105401811 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.91 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105263979 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $19.07 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104303624 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $14.09 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105386119 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $14.26 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105523841 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.50 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105538215 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.27 10/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105788442 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.87 10/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105488231 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.80 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104690710 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.92 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105634606 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $15.39 01/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086198826 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $21.32 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086158928 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.85 01/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117990150 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.77 02/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117990152 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $12.89 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117990146 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $16.64 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117990148 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.77 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117990154 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $10.70 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117990142 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $12.81 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117990144 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $55.48 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117990156 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $55.48 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117990158 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $17.20 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117760302 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $21.79 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117760322 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $29.54 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117760360 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $25.88 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117760386 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $125.00 11/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117760414 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $19.80 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101250397 CMS
Exact Sciences Corporation $18.83 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114595944 CMS
Exact Sciences Corporation $22.53 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114595947 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $8.97 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116607574 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $11.29 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116359900 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $14.23 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116342558 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $9.01 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116320694 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $13.39 07/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116022721 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $9.07 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116087599 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $11.32 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116342078 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $121.85 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116057851 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $8.72 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116396644 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $15.61 09/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116390388 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $13.35 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116263931 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $13.61 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116352320 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $5.19 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116710687 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $4.65 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116619989 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $10.42 10/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116279975 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $12.20 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116606372 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $11.42 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116737394 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $5.33 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116700979 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $18.90 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078123934 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $15.17 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078123562 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $18.39 08/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078123878 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $13.63 01/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136069552 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.06 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136067398 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $14.83 02/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136062330 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $120.98 03/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136069550 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $13.85 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136011751 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $11.07 04/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136062326 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.19 04/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136011753 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $9.39 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136062328 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $14.54 05/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136062332 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.69 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136068254 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $0.91 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136068256 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $12.05 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136078503 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $13.09 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136067179 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $14.31 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136011755 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.05 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136067400 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $14.34 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136079629 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.96 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136011757 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.29 11/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136069548 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.33 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1136078501 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $14.92 03/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145898982 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $20.95 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141803033 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $13.52 02/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141901008 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $16.51 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141800510 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $23.68 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1097434416 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $13.80 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1097090963 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $15.03 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1096615302 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $17.16 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1097225241 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $20.99 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118864775 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $17.77 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118864777 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $23.31 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118864779 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $23.87 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118864781 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $17.05 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118864783 CMS
PFIZER INC. $14.97 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131006244 CMS
PFIZER INC. $14.91 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131645948 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.65 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132011550 CMS
PFIZER INC. $15.88 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131753752 CMS
PFIZER INC. $22.29 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131836764 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.20 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131951836 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.80 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131174173 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.13 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131031368 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.69 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041869 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $2.34 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041871 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $15.46 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041873 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $16.64 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041875 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $135.00 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041877 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $41.36 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041879 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $346.09 07/26/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041881 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $1,028.92 07/26/2024 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041883 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $35.23 07/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041885 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $55.61 07/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041887 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $29.30 07/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041889 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $29.30 07/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041891 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $47.87 07/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041893 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $5.81 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041895 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $16.03 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041897 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $3,000.00 08/28/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041899 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $112.50 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041901 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $1,200.00 09/25/2024 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041903 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.44 09/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041905 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $4.00 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041907 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $8.00 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041909 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $124.99 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151041911 CMS
UCB, Inc. $29.46 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143452496 CMS
Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. $27.94 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133897645 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.32 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144588534 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $19.64 02/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144588532 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.28 03/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144588536 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $17.00 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144588538 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.89 06/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144588540 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $17.00 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144588542 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.00 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144588544 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.50 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144588546 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2018 , PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.