IndustryPayments
Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

DAVID L GINSBURG

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Psychiatry & Neurology Neurology

NPI
1316905128
CMS profile
105082
Location
LAS VEGAS, NV

General Payments · PY2018–2024

$25,203.99

  • Reported across 846 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$5,153.39

163 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

Related groups: Neurology NV All categories

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $5,124.92 162
Education $28.47 1

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Paying entityAmountRecords
ABBVIE INC. $855.81 40
UCB, Inc. $780.37 15
ARGENX US, INC. $608.94 21
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $514.53 13
Biogen, Inc. $416.35 10
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $264.34 7
CSL Behring $159.49 7
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $155.10 2
PFIZER INC. $154.85 9
Acerta Pharma LLC $141.29 2
SK Life Science, Inc. $123.87 4
BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION $121.98 2
Amgen Inc. $119.38 1
MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA AMERICA, INC. $110.78 5
Lundbeck LLC $99.07 4
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. $68.63 3
Genentech USA, Inc. $55.55 3
Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC $49.15 2
REVANCE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $45.81 2
Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $45.31 2
LivaNova USA, Inc. $40.21 1
PTC Therapeutics, Inc. $35.46 1
Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC $32.48 1
Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. $31.42 1
GENZYME CORPORATION $28.58 1
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc $28.38 1
Octapharma USA, Inc. $24.85 1
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $22.76 1
Grifols USA, LLC $18.65 1

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2018 $3,607.71 101
PY2019 $3,965.36 133
PY2020 $2,151.47 96
PY2021 $2,757.31 107
PY2022 $3,602.11 123
PY2023 $3,966.64 123
PY2024 $5,153.39 163

Payment records · PY2024 (163)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 201820192020202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $8.19 01/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800610 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.21 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800612 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $34.97 01/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800614 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.35 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800616 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.94 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800618 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.70 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800620 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.35 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800622 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.76 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800624 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.73 03/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800626 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.68 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800628 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.78 03/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800630 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.64 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800632 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.20 03/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800634 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.50 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800636 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.14 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800638 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $2.65 04/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800640 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.88 04/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800642 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.35 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800644 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.42 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800646 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.54 05/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800648 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $5.04 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800650 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.72 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800652 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $32.98 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800654 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $31.54 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800656 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $1.95 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800658 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $34.47 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800660 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $33.75 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800662 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.93 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800664 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.43 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800666 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $6.48 08/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800668 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.24 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800670 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.05 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800672 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $28.88 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800674 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.75 09/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800676 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.00 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800678 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.27 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800680 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $11.57 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800682 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.35 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800684 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.47 10/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800686 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.96 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1103800688 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $30.10 07/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147970582 CMS
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc $125.00 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147970584 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $19.02 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093924339 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $30.00 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093941373 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.45 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093896776 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $123.32 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093905330 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $24.96 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094024913 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $29.86 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094030227 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $25.08 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093911465 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $29.69 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093939321 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $33.46 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094020217 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.34 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094017263 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $88.36 10/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093925872 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $34.19 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1094032345 CMS
Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $28.80 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1093927206 CMS
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. $21.56 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125838127 CMS
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. $20.70 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125838139 CMS
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. $26.37 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1125838147 CMS
Amgen Inc. $119.38 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1111584154 CMS
Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.54 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148254165 CMS
Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.77 02/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148254167 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $29.14 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142111913 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $28.07 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142105803 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $29.14 06/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142107032 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $98.67 06/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142107603 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $33.36 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142108069 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $9.36 07/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142109409 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $31.33 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142109627 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $8.49 08/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142112669 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $25.14 08/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142115725 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $26.61 08/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142109767 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $4.81 08/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142109771 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $23.66 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142122434 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $28.51 10/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142119007 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $10.02 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142123697 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $65.83 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142117549 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $3.20 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142117711 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $31.70 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142118630 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $33.20 11/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142123701 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $24.56 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142124025 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $32.30 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142125015 CMS
ARGENX US, INC. $31.84 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142125023 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $21.23 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104385001 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $120.06 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104673915 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $27.75 02/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104868552 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $14.49 02/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104819192 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $31.11 04/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104857116 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $26.32 05/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104840179 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $26.43 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104855984 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $28.05 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104819194 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $23.66 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104862956 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $88.16 10/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104821422 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $25.38 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104845678 CMS
Biogen, Inc. $125.00 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104871982 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $73.54 01/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092687031 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $48.44 11/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1092687029 CMS
CSL Behring $19.25 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134598179 CMS
CSL Behring $26.92 03/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134598189 CMS
CSL Behring $24.98 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134598199 CMS
CSL Behring $15.97 06/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134598257 CMS
CSL Behring $20.95 07/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134598265 CMS
CSL Behring $20.28 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134598271 CMS
CSL Behring $31.14 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1134598279 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $26.23 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132997198 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $15.05 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132997202 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $14.27 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132997206 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $28.58 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139629203 CMS
Grifols USA, LLC $18.65 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1124721853 CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc $28.38 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1091959295 CMS
Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC $32.48 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078855002 CMS
LivaNova USA, Inc. $40.21 03/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152791125 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $24.76 03/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145918999 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $18.05 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145919001 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $24.80 05/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145919003 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $31.46 11/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145919005 CMS
Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC $24.59 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137948322 CMS
Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC $24.56 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137948324 CMS
MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA AMERICA, INC. $16.51 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144505640 CMS
MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA AMERICA, INC. $28.47 01/17/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144505984 CMS
MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA AMERICA, INC. $24.56 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144505658 CMS
MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA AMERICA, INC. $25.61 05/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144505954 CMS
MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA AMERICA, INC. $15.63 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144505998 CMS
Octapharma USA, Inc. $24.85 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142314950 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $22.76 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118898240 CMS
PFIZER INC. $11.75 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131268402 CMS
PFIZER INC. $5.14 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131268406 CMS
PFIZER INC. $9.95 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1130902288 CMS
PFIZER INC. $32.03 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131552370 CMS
PFIZER INC. $26.74 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131695890 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.52 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131824130 CMS
PFIZER INC. $26.14 11/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131222909 CMS
PFIZER INC. $4.23 11/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131222913 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.35 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131222905 CMS
PTC Therapeutics, Inc. $35.46 02/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152941484 CMS
REVANCE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $20.24 04/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147918774 CMS
REVANCE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $25.57 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147918776 CMS
Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. $31.42 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1126542111 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $27.49 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154138896 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $30.76 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154138916 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $36.29 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154138936 CMS
SK Life Science, Inc. $29.33 08/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154138954 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $19.59 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137555409 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $32.63 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137555413 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $19.54 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137555416 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $26.18 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137555420 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $122.92 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137555423 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $21.21 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137555427 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $22.27 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137555430 CMS
UCB, Inc. $22.90 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425109 CMS
UCB, Inc. $4.53 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425114 CMS
UCB, Inc. $28.03 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425119 CMS
UCB, Inc. $35.40 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425123 CMS
UCB, Inc. $100.35 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425128 CMS
UCB, Inc. $41.95 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425132 CMS
UCB, Inc. $106.34 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425139 CMS
UCB, Inc. $15.72 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425143 CMS
UCB, Inc. $21.99 06/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425148 CMS
UCB, Inc. $135.00 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425152 CMS
UCB, Inc. $32.43 09/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425156 CMS
UCB, Inc. $73.65 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425161 CMS
UCB, Inc. $89.90 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425165 CMS
UCB, Inc. $43.04 11/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425170 CMS
UCB, Inc. $29.14 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143425174 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2018 , PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

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