Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

NORDA BRASHEARS

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Nurse Practitioner Family

NPI
1154018711
CMS profile
11505941
Location
DELRAY BEACH, FL

General Payments · PY2023–2024

$5,076.86

  • Reported across 224 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,801.15

174 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2023 $1,275.71 50
PY2024 $3,801.15 174

Payment records · PY2024 (174)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 2023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $23.09 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106816607 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $33.11 04/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106816609 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $30.48 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106816611 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $19.95 10/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106816613 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.94 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1106816615 CMS
Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation $29.32 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150265201 CMS
Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation $15.52 12/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150265203 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $22.80 06/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139207780 CMS
Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC $20.32 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139207782 CMS
ARRAY BIOPHARMA INC $18.38 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131112652 CMS
ARRAY BIOPHARMA INC $20.52 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131419396 CMS
ARRAY BIOPHARMA INC $20.29 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1132135205 CMS
ARRAY BIOPHARMA INC $22.18 12/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131481646 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $99.99 02/06/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139504167 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $20.77 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139487052 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $23.80 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139516655 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $16.36 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139510989 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $21.99 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139518589 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $16.56 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139522152 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $21.17 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139554755 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $22.89 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139549395 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $9.49 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105495295 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $23.77 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105589470 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $17.99 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105704564 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $18.68 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105689875 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $24.81 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105450949 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $17.05 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104604828 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.51 07/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104364209 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $27.10 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104436027 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $17.05 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105468613 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $17.00 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105726813 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $22.62 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104737559 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $17.87 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105464197 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.01 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105716216 CMS
Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $99.00 04/15/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143497805 CMS
Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.77 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143497812 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $22.46 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086276028 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $18.99 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086300014 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $16.48 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086358376 CMS
BeiGene USA, Inc. $15.94 01/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120852360 CMS
BeiGene USA, Inc. $24.53 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120852358 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $29.28 08/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117892349 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.33 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117892347 CMS
Celgene Corporation $0.81 01/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095696 CMS
Celgene Corporation $33.17 01/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095698 CMS
Celgene Corporation $22.18 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095700 CMS
Celgene Corporation $21.30 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095702 CMS
Celgene Corporation $25.57 03/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095708 CMS
Celgene Corporation $0.52 05/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095714 CMS
Celgene Corporation $24.94 05/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095716 CMS
Celgene Corporation $18.14 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095710 CMS
Celgene Corporation $0.88 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095712 CMS
Celgene Corporation $28.16 07/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095722 CMS
Celgene Corporation $24.48 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095728 CMS
Celgene Corporation $27.06 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101095730 CMS
Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $19.72 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146404818 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $12.27 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089402807 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $21.22 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089402809 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $13.79 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089402811 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $17.73 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089402813 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $22.19 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089402801 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $20.85 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089402799 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $23.94 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089402805 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $21.48 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089402803 CMS
Dendreon Pharmaceuticals LLC $25.52 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1149327032 CMS
Eisai Inc. $24.50 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110817414 CMS
Eisai Inc. $22.01 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110817416 CMS
Eisai Inc. $17.80 07/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110817412 CMS
Eisai Inc. $22.74 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110817418 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $26.93 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120227284 CMS
Exelixis Inc. $18.25 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1138573593 CMS
Exelixis Inc. $19.07 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1138573595 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $22.76 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133179847 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $19.84 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133179840 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $18.55 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133179844 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $26.60 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133179849 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $26.60 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133179852 CMS
Genmab U.S., Inc. $23.26 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1126838520 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $18.56 01/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139976503 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $24.84 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139976505 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $24.67 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139976625 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $19.50 04/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139976621 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $13.83 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139976627 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $25.08 06/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139976633 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $28.93 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139976643 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $16.71 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139976651 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $24.46 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139976653 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $18.72 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116425387 CMS
Incyte Corporation $28.13 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141292748 CMS
Incyte Corporation $29.86 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141258773 CMS
Incyte Corporation $28.19 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141295380 CMS
Incyte Corporation $29.53 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141259403 CMS
Incyte Corporation $12.91 07/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141220410 CMS
Incyte Corporation $29.96 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141297090 CMS
Incyte Corporation $23.30 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141313205 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $38.58 02/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078413255 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $30.46 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078412388 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $20.82 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078412958 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $15.54 06/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078413051 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $25.08 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078413616 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $22.22 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078412445 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $17.34 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078412894 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $23.44 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078414041 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $15.92 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151296964 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $15.92 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151296966 CMS
JAZZ PHARMACEUTICALS INC. $20.35 10/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151296962 CMS
Kyowa Kirin, Inc. $24.46 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1127054571 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $29.98 01/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135876106 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $24.49 02/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135908557 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $23.78 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135908559 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $29.04 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135852329 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $26.44 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135852332 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $26.30 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141837178 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $31.14 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141602075 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $27.65 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141602163 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $31.74 03/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141602159 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $33.43 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141837300 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $24.18 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141602077 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $19.70 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141602187 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $25.96 07/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141602185 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $20.38 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141837298 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $26.06 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141602161 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $25.78 11/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141602165 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $18.62 02/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753461 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $15.51 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753469 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $21.49 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753477 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $14.81 06/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753487 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $7.04 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753503 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $30.97 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753505 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $10.83 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753507 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $15.67 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753509 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $17.10 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753513 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $14.41 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753511 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $20.56 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086753515 CMS
PFIZER INC. $14.60 01/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131289266 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.45 01/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131115917 CMS
PFIZER INC. $13.56 01/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1130972398 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.03 01/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131049956 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.22 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131289262 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.03 03/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131294855 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.18 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131308924 CMS
PFIZER INC. $0.96 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131310166 CMS
PFIZER INC. $15.23 04/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131354365 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.31 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131317880 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.98 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131449776 CMS
PFIZER INC. $7.74 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131366912 CMS
PFIZER INC. $1.06 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131367998 CMS
PFIZER INC. $10.35 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131845069 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.83 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131362781 CMS
PFIZER INC. $1.40 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131371548 CMS
PFIZER INC. $15.26 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131372540 CMS
PFIZER INC. $1.27 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131372596 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.50 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131374419 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.64 11/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131383955 CMS
PFIZER INC. $26.45 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131389729 CMS
PFIZER INC. $22.92 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131482585 CMS
Pharmacosmos Therapeutics Inc. $21.59 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154827915 CMS
PharmaEssentia USA Corporation $28.86 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137307622 CMS
PharmaEssentia USA Corporation $19.59 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137307666 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $13.90 02/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114276247 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $14.62 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114276249 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $19.37 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114276251 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $16.19 10/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114276253 CMS
SEAGEN INC. $74.99 12/16/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131234136 CMS
SERVIER PHARMACEUTICALS LLC $24.44 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147268080 CMS
SOBI, INC $30.78 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141419952 CMS
SOBI, INC $19.37 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141429755 CMS
Spectrum Pharmaceuticals Inc. $13.43 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150657400 CMS
Stemline Therapeutics Inc. $16.77 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142969825 CMS
Stemline Therapeutics Inc. $17.14 11/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1142969827 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $22.37 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144972504 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $24.07 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144972506 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $25.66 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144972508 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $21.68 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144972510 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.