Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-06-30 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

MICHAEL F ESPOSITO

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Pain Medicine Interventional Pain Medicine

NPI
1043521198
CMS profile
563621
Location
VERO BEACH, FL

General Payments · PY2019–2025

$776,575.50

  • Reported across 1,530 records
  • CMS publication 2026-06-30

Latest program year · PY2025

$76,325.13

160 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2025 · sorted by reported total

By paying entity

PY2025 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2019 $106,004.02 251
PY2020 $87,231.98 176
PY2021 $196,419.15 290
PY2022 $124,158.54 304
PY2023 $111,264.62 182
PY2024 $75,172.06 167
PY2025 $76,325.13 160

Payment records · PY2025 (160)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2025 201920202021202220232024 Record-level detail is published for PY2025; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
Abbott Laboratories $100.80 06/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240692784 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $98.91 06/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240696123 CMS
Abbott Laboratories $19.72 12/16/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240697613 CMS
BIOTRONIK NRO, Inc. $26.73 01/31/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1246326851 CMS
BIOTRONIK NRO, Inc. $126.10 01/31/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1246326853 CMS
BIOTRONIK NRO, Inc. $21.16 02/01/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1246326849 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $50.30 01/15/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156744 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $373.34 01/24/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156762 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $452.97 01/24/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156764 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $203.76 01/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156760 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $171.41 02/01/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156740 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $52.88 02/01/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156742 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $2,100.00 02/13/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156724 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 02/13/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156726 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $140.67 02/13/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156728 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $3,150.00 02/13/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156730 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 02/13/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156732 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $3,675.00 02/13/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156734 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $80.72 02/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156736 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $787.50 02/13/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156738 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $22.03 02/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156780 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $456.64 02/21/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156782 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $48.15 02/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156776 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $144.06 02/27/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156790 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $13.55 03/05/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156792 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 03/06/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156746 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 03/06/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156748 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $10.98 03/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156784 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $10.98 03/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156786 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $374.93 03/07/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156796 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $147.00 03/07/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156798 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $415.96 03/07/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156800 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $142.73 03/08/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156794 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $147.00 03/08/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156802 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $325.06 03/13/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156750 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $35.00 03/13/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156752 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $3,675.00 03/13/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156754 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $1,312.50 03/13/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156756 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $1,575.00 03/13/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156758 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $32.02 03/17/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156778 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $59.14 03/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156788 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $2,625.00 03/20/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156766 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $3,150.00 03/20/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156768 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 03/20/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156770 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $34.00 03/20/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156772 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $74.43 03/20/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156774 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $75.00 03/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156808 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $19.77 04/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156810 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $135.92 04/17/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156812 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $9.53 04/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156806 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $336.95 04/25/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156938 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $322.94 05/02/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156848 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $328.64 05/02/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156850 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $170.00 05/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156846 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $2,500.00 05/07/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156804 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $96.46 05/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156820 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $74.46 06/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156824 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $50.95 06/05/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156814 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $125.40 06/05/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156816 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 06/26/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156840 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $141.80 06/27/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156822 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $45.01 07/09/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156838 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $29.72 07/18/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156856 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $174.72 07/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156836 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $19.93 07/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156842 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $19.82 07/23/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156844 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $787.50 07/24/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156818 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $2,362.50 07/31/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156826 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 07/31/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156828 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $787.50 07/31/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156830 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $787.50 07/31/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156832 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $36.40 07/31/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156854 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $14.36 08/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156834 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $20.92 08/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156862 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $42.40 08/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156882 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $141.93 08/27/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156860 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 08/28/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156852 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $15.65 09/04/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156936 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $91.97 09/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156858 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $57.55 09/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156870 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $160.00 09/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156872 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $57.47 09/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156864 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $13.26 09/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156880 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $56.14 09/13/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156950 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $225.87 09/13/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156952 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $21.12 09/13/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156954 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 09/18/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156866 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $1,050.00 09/18/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156868 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $172.25 09/26/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156906 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $101.70 09/26/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156908 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $373.22 09/26/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156910 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $63.24 09/27/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156904 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $158.35 09/27/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156912 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $20.69 10/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156888 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $141.06 10/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156884 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $54.13 10/07/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156886 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $50.65 10/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156920 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $10.72 10/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156926 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 10/16/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156874 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $86.80 10/16/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156876 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $2,625.00 10/16/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156878 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $40.00 10/16/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156890 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $4,725.00 10/16/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156892 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $1,050.00 10/16/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156894 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $3,150.00 10/16/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156896 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 10/16/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156900 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 10/16/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156902 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $13.46 10/23/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156918 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 10/30/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156898 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $47.64 11/03/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156924 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $43.96 11/04/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156922 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $20.95 11/05/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156934 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $63.27 11/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156916 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $7.35 11/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156930 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $525.00 11/28/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156914 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $281.37 12/05/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156958 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $278.97 12/05/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156960 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $243.16 12/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156956 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $113.64 12/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156928 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $73.35 12/12/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156932 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $3,150.00 12/18/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156940 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $3,675.00 12/18/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156942 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $22.12 12/18/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156944 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $40.00 12/18/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156946 CMS
Boston Scientific Corporation $262.50 12/18/2025 Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program Undisputed 06/30/2026 1181156948 CMS
Curonix LLC $500.00 02/05/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240379215 CMS
Curonix LLC $2,000.00 03/15/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240379217 CMS
Curonix LLC $36.53 03/25/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240379219 CMS
Curonix LLC $166.88 06/19/2025 Travel and Lodging Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240379221 CMS
Curonix LLC $1,250.00 06/21/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240379223 CMS
Curonix LLC $500.00 08/20/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240379225 CMS
Curonix LLC $2,750.00 10/11/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240379227 CMS
Curonix LLC $29.59 12/15/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240379229 CMS
Curonix LLC $500.00 12/17/2025 Consulting Fee Undisputed 06/30/2026 1240379231 CMS
Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc. $20.19 06/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1242065592 CMS
Globus Medical, Inc. $16.38 02/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1250044967 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $165.88 11/19/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1219890633 CMS
MML US, Inc. $104.83 05/28/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249170488 CMS
Pacira Pharmaceuticals Incorporated $15.01 02/20/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1250281005 CMS
Saluda Medical Americas, Inc. $21.33 03/11/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1207324024 CMS
Saluda Medical Americas, Inc. $28.57 07/09/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1223419734 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $161.67 02/01/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096444 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $143.65 02/12/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096446 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $128.99 03/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096448 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $27.83 04/02/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096450 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $128.84 04/10/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096452 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $27.07 04/17/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096454 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $29.37 05/21/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096456 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $137.07 05/22/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096458 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $16.30 05/29/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096460 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $106.93 06/18/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096462 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $138.34 07/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096464 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $27.00 08/14/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096466 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $141.00 08/21/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096468 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $138.05 09/06/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096470 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $134.98 09/24/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096472 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $24.20 10/23/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096474 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $130.62 11/05/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096476 CMS
Spinal Simplicity, LLC $141.17 12/29/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1249096478 CMS
SPR Therapeutics, Inc $57.12 03/01/2025 Food and Beverage Undisputed 06/30/2026 1200829071 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-06-30
Program years on this page
2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024 , PY2025
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2025_P06302026_06032026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.