Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

ROSS E KERNS

Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians Internal Medicine Hematology & Oncology

NPI
1023018728
CMS profile
46349
Location
KNOXVILLE, TN

General Payments · PY2018–2024

$33,925.50

  • Reported across 1,304 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,781.01

170 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,743.99 168
Education $37.02 2

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2018 $3,324.43 199
PY2019 $12,192.01 209
PY2020 $3,082.16 168
PY2021 $4,887.85 201
PY2022 $3,397.44 188
PY2023 $3,260.60 169
PY2024 $3,781.01 170

Payment records · PY2024 (170)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 201820192020202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $21.24 02/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054728 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.45 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054730 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.87 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054732 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.65 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054734 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.90 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054736 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.45 05/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054738 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.61 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054740 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $3.99 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054742 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.67 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054744 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $11.96 10/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054746 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.04 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054748 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $19.78 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054750 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.33 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104054752 CMS
ARRAY BIOPHARMA INC $9.87 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131262896 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $20.41 01/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139290866 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $16.13 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139279988 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $27.39 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104623068 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.69 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104677383 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.89 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104472766 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $63.79 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104627046 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $32.66 05/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104454248 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $17.09 06/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104541354 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.89 07/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104707437 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $32.17 11/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105552716 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $22.05 12/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105767144 CMS
Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.63 01/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143485627 CMS
Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $35.50 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143485622 CMS
Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $44.24 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143485633 CMS
Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.00 10/24/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143485639 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $22.10 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086149471 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $22.11 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086183331 CMS
BeiGene USA, Inc. $15.31 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120847386 CMS
BeiGene USA, Inc. $24.26 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120847384 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.90 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117839747 CMS
Celgene Corporation $16.14 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187361 CMS
Celgene Corporation $13.40 02/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187367 CMS
Celgene Corporation $19.41 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187369 CMS
Celgene Corporation $19.76 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187381 CMS
Celgene Corporation $1.89 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187375 CMS
Celgene Corporation $24.19 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187377 CMS
Celgene Corporation $23.11 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187383 CMS
Celgene Corporation $3.12 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187385 CMS
Celgene Corporation $5.99 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187387 CMS
Celgene Corporation $17.81 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187393 CMS
Celgene Corporation $28.20 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187405 CMS
Celgene Corporation $3.37 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187411 CMS
Celgene Corporation $18.80 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187413 CMS
Celgene Corporation $3.99 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187435 CMS
Celgene Corporation $0.70 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101187437 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $26.79 02/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089441761 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $24.23 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089441759 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $26.72 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089441763 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $22.71 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089441751 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $15.14 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089441753 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $27.77 10/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089441757 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $22.71 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089441755 CMS
Deciphera Pharmaceuticals Inc. $22.34 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145873751 CMS
Deciphera Pharmaceuticals Inc. $18.83 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145873753 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $13.23 01/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794530 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $0.30 03/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794545 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $16.54 03/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794549 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $18.64 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794570 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $111.56 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794574 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $13.06 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794585 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $16.05 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794600 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $8.86 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794607 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $12.54 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794603 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $16.96 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794614 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $15.59 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794625 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $19.42 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794636 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $22.69 09/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794651 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $13.84 11/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794658 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $32.06 12/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794680 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $14.78 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101794683 CMS
Eisai Inc. $25.73 07/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1110778205 CMS
EMD Serono, Inc. $16.45 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1120273520 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $21.11 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133102095 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $14.89 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133102099 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $24.88 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133102079 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $12.99 04/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133102103 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $16.08 06/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133102107 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $20.24 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133102083 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $25.24 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133102091 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $27.92 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133102087 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $16.04 02/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139594934 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $27.58 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139594964 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $27.27 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139594982 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $29.77 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139595038 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $19.13 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133798227 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $16.55 04/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133798229 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $121.82 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133798231 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $19.36 06/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133798233 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $18.24 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133798235 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $20.16 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133798237 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $17.99 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133798239 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $20.92 10/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133798241 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $23.75 01/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116289644 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $24.08 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116450707 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $12.20 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116439559 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $18.94 07/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116539304 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $121.82 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116265332 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $27.69 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116108101 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $26.32 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116279589 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $25.36 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1115957296 CMS
Incyte Corporation $22.41 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141251410 CMS
Incyte Corporation $27.20 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141319151 CMS
Incyte Corporation $17.02 07/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141313749 CMS
Incyte Corporation $25.26 08/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141251988 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $15.97 02/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078664636 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $27.18 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078661872 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $13.93 05/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078664160 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $17.45 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078663867 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $14.86 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078662866 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $16.11 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078662129 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $30.09 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135339690 CMS
McKesson Drug Company LLC $99.51 01/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1084840896 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $18.23 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141638448 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $19.53 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141638450 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $33.42 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141638452 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $27.80 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141851345 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $25.20 07/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141920964 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $31.67 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141850242 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $30.73 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141638458 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $26.28 09/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141638456 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $22.82 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141638454 CMS
Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Inc. $15.31 01/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152533806 CMS
Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Inc. $17.13 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152533810 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $27.54 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087031724 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $19.41 02/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087031728 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $18.44 06/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087031742 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $15.59 07/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087031746 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $17.36 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087031754 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.12 01/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131152719 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.74 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131293888 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.96 02/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131198052 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.65 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131198049 CMS
PFIZER INC. $13.32 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131306500 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.55 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131288512 CMS
PFIZER INC. $14.28 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131305975 CMS
PFIZER INC. $17.39 04/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131305048 CMS
PFIZER INC. $13.86 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131419955 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.69 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131305546 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.16 05/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131415053 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.76 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131339391 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.87 06/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131565927 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.89 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131336980 CMS
PFIZER INC. $22.00 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131434485 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.88 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131336976 CMS
PFIZER INC. $12.38 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131797758 CMS
PFIZER INC. $15.40 08/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131900495 CMS
PFIZER INC. $22.74 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131955988 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.82 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131355184 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.29 10/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131374516 CMS
PFIZER INC. $3.75 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131179815 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.91 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131391266 CMS
PharmaEssentia USA Corporation $17.44 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137307048 CMS
PUMA BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. $19.39 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113858621 CMS
PUMA BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. $23.87 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113842487 CMS
PUMA BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. $15.25 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113863087 CMS
PUMA BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. $20.46 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113844205 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $24.64 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114085172 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $28.65 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114085174 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $17.02 11/14/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114085176 CMS
SANOFI US SERVICES INC. $29.47 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139594960 CMS
SpringWorks Therapeutics, Inc. $30.52 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1085805595 CMS
TAIHO ONCOLOGY, INC. $18.74 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137942072 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $19.66 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144960566 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $30.14 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144960568 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $13.75 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144960570 CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. $23.37 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144960572 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2018 , PY2019 , PY2020 , PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

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