BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION
198,138 providers listed 1,405,444 records General Payments
General Payments — all loaded program years
- Category: General Payments
- Program years: 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025
- Record count: 1,405,444
- Providers listed: 198,138
Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.
Figures reflect General Payments this manufacturer or GPO reported to CMS. Research and Ownership/Investment payments are separate datasets and are not included here.
Coverage: program years 2019–2025, General Payments only, reported to physicians and non-physician practitioners. Payments to teaching hospitals are not included. Each figure is labeled with its category and program year; categories are never combined.
By program year
| Program year | Reported | Records | Providers | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PY2019 | $81,543,305.65 | 165,870 | 43,210 | This company in PY2019 → |
| PY2020 | $29,239,529.96 | 86,963 | 26,727 | This company in PY2020 → |
| PY2021 | $37,285,503.07 | 148,708 | 46,323 | This company in PY2021 → |
| PY2022 | $56,471,151.91 | 204,002 | 58,170 | This company in PY2022 → |
| PY2023 | $40,915,664.91 | 231,220 | 65,029 | This company in PY2023 → |
| PY2024 | $49,462,968.67 | 270,813 | 71,007 | This company in PY2024 → |
| PY2025 | $90,003,044.63 | 297,868 | 77,896 | This company in PY2025 → |
By recipient specialty (330)
Sorted by name; identical names by identifier.
Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians 211 specialties 126,559 providers
- Allergy & Immunology 103
- Allergy & Immunology · Allergy 23
- Allergy & Immunology · Clinical & Laboratory Immunology 4
- Anesthesiology 4,406
- Anesthesiology · Addiction Medicine 10
- Anesthesiology · Critical Care Medicine 43
- Anesthesiology · Hospice and Palliative Medicine 1
- Anesthesiology · Pain Medicine 2,551
- Anesthesiology · Pediatric Anesthesiology 49
- Colon & Rectal Surgery 557
- Dermatology 335
- Dermatology · Dermatopathology 9
- Dermatology · MOHS-Micrographic Surgery 54
- Dermatology · Pediatric Dermatology 2
- Dermatology · Procedural Dermatology 16
- Electrodiagnostic Medicine 4
- Emergency Medicine 1,587
- Emergency Medicine · Emergency Medical Services 75
- Emergency Medicine · Hospice and Palliative Medicine 6
- Emergency Medicine · Medical Toxicology 8
- Emergency Medicine · Pediatric Emergency Medicine 17
- Emergency Medicine · Sports Medicine 6
- Emergency Medicine · Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 12
- Family Medicine 11,225
- Family Medicine · Addiction Medicine 37
- Family Medicine · Adolescent Medicine 5
- Family Medicine · Adult Medicine 137
- Family Medicine · Geriatric Medicine 94
- Family Medicine · Hospice and Palliative Medicine 29
- Family Medicine · Obesity Medicine 8
- Family Medicine · Sleep Medicine 16
- Family Medicine · Sports Medicine 185
- General Practice 814
- Hospitalist 1,717
- Independent Medical Examiner 2
- Integrative Medicine 3
- Internal Medicine 12,285
- Internal Medicine · Addiction Medicine 15
- Internal Medicine · Adolescent Medicine 27
- Internal Medicine · Adult Congenital Heart Disease 30
- Internal Medicine · Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology 469
- Internal Medicine · Allergy & Immunology 16
- Internal Medicine · Cardiovascular Disease 12,978
- Internal Medicine · Clinical & Laboratory Immunology 2
- Internal Medicine · Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology 3,042
- Internal Medicine · Critical Care Medicine 442
- Internal Medicine · Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism 560
- Internal Medicine · Gastroenterology 7,634
- Internal Medicine · Geriatric Medicine 208
- Internal Medicine · Hematology 29
- Internal Medicine · Hematology & Oncology 617
- Internal Medicine · Hepatology 53
- Internal Medicine · Hospice and Palliative Medicine 60
- Internal Medicine · Hypertension Specialist 3
- Internal Medicine · Infectious Disease 297
- Internal Medicine · Interventional Cardiology 5,887
- Internal Medicine · Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1
- Internal Medicine · Medical Oncology 225
- Internal Medicine · Nephrology 873
- Internal Medicine · Obesity Medicine 17
- Internal Medicine · Pulmonary Disease 1,427
- Internal Medicine · Rheumatology 376
- Internal Medicine · Sleep Medicine 51
- Internal Medicine · Sports Medicine 22
- Internal Medicine · Transplant Hepatology 62
- Legal Medicine 2
- Medical Genetics · Clinical Genetics (M.D.) 15
- Medical Genetics · Clinical Molecular Genetics 2
- Neurological Surgery 2,184
- Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine & OMM 36
- Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine, Sports Medicine 18
- Nuclear Medicine 36
- Nuclear Medicine · Nuclear Cardiology 69
- Nuclear Medicine · Nuclear Imaging & Therapy 9
- Obstetrics & Gynecology 4,358
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Complex Family Planning 1
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Critical Care Medicine 1
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Gynecologic Oncology 106
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Gynecology 375
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Hospice and Palliative Medicine 4
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Maternal & Fetal Medicine 129
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Obesity Medicine 1
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Obstetrics 149
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Reproductive Endocrinology 113
- Obstetrics & Gynecology · Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery 760
- Ophthalmology 416
- Ophthalmology · Cornea and External Diseases Specialist 5
- Ophthalmology · Glaucoma Specialist 8
- Ophthalmology · Neuro-ophthalmology 8
- Ophthalmology · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 15
- Ophthalmology · Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Specialist 6
- Ophthalmology · Retina Specialist 56
- Ophthalmology · Uveitis and Ocular Inflammatory Disease 2
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 10
- Orthopaedic Surgery 1,632
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Adult Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery 90
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Foot and Ankle Surgery 57
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Hand Surgery 145
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine 630
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Orthopaedic Trauma 33
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery 23
- Orthopaedic Surgery · Sports Medicine 229
- Otolaryngology 445
- Otolaryngology · Facial Plastic Surgery 21
- Otolaryngology · Otolaryngic Allergy 5
- Otolaryngology · Otolaryngology/Facial Plastic Surgery 37
- Otolaryngology · Otology & Neurotology 10
- Otolaryngology · Pediatric Otolaryngology 16
- Otolaryngology · Plastic Surgery within the Head & Neck 34
- Otolaryngology · Sleep Medicine 1
- Pain Medicine · Interventional Pain Medicine 1,826
- Pain Medicine · Pain Medicine 657
- Pathology · Anatomic Pathology 37
- Pathology · Anatomic Pathology & Clinical Pathology 292
- Pathology · Blood Banking & Transfusion Medicine 9
- Pathology · Clinical Informatics 1
- Pathology · Clinical Pathology 1
- Pathology · Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine 17
- Pathology · Cytopathology 7
- Pathology · Dermatopathology 8
- Pathology · Forensic Pathology 4
- Pathology · Hematology 5
- Pathology · Medical Microbiology 1
- Pathology · Molecular Genetic Pathology 1
- Pathology · Neuropathology 3
- Pathology · Pediatric Pathology 1
- Pediatrics 1,470
- Pediatrics · Adolescent Medicine 52
- Pediatrics · Child Abuse Pediatrics 3
- Pediatrics · Developmental - Behavioral Pediatrics 17
- Pediatrics · Hospice and Palliative Medicine 2
- Pediatrics · Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 143
- Pediatrics · Neurodevelopmental Disabilities 9
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Allergy/Immunology 8
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Cardiology 343
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 59
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Emergency Medicine 38
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Endocrinology 41
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Gastroenterology 144
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Hematology-Oncology 51
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Infectious Diseases 19
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Nephrology 10
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Pulmonology 17
- Pediatrics · Pediatric Rheumatology 11
- Pediatrics · Sleep Medicine 4
- Pediatrics · Sports Medicine 9
- Phlebology 74
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1,851
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · Brain Injury Medicine 7
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · Hospice and Palliative Medicine 5
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · Neuromuscular Medicine 6
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · Pain Medicine 933
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine 5
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · Spinal Cord Injury Medicine 11
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · Sports Medicine 88
- Plastic Surgery 190
- Plastic Surgery · Plastic Surgery Within the Head and Neck 7
- Plastic Surgery · Surgery of the Hand 10
- Preventive Medicine · Addiction Medicine 14
- Preventive Medicine · Aerospace Medicine 4
- Preventive Medicine · Medical Toxicology 1
- Preventive Medicine · Obesity Medicine 3
- Preventive Medicine · Occupational Medicine 51
- Preventive Medicine · Preventive Medicine/Occupational Environmental Medicine 14
- Preventive Medicine · Public Health & General Preventive Medicine 31
- Preventive Medicine · Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 10
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Addiction Medicine 9
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Addiction Psychiatry 6
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry 9
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 79
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Clinical Neurophysiology 59
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Diagnostic Neuroimaging 4
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Epilepsy 33
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Forensic Psychiatry 5
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Geriatric Psychiatry 6
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Hospice and Palliative Medicine 1
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Neurocritical Care 23
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Neurology 3,374
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Neurology with Special Qualifications in Child Neurology 102
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Neuromuscular Medicine 26
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Pain Medicine 62
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Psychiatry 599
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Psychosomatic Medicine 6
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Sleep Medicine 32
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Sports Medicine 1
- Psychiatry & Neurology · Vascular Neurology 90
- Radiology · Body Imaging 49
- Radiology · Diagnostic Neuroimaging 10
- Radiology · Diagnostic Radiology 3,927
- Radiology · Diagnostic Ultrasound 21
- Radiology · Neuroradiology 135
- Radiology · Nuclear Radiology 21
- Radiology · Pediatric Radiology 67
- Radiology · Radiation Oncology 1,925
- Radiology · Radiological Physics 2
- Radiology · Therapeutic Radiology 44
- Radiology · Vascular & Interventional Radiology 3,028
- Surgery 5,057
- Surgery · Hospice and Palliative Medicine 1
- Surgery · Pediatric Surgery 59
- Surgery · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 102
- Surgery · Surgery of the Hand 25
- Surgery · Surgical Critical Care 229
- Surgery · Surgical Oncology 235
- Surgery · Trauma Surgery 169
- Surgery · Vascular Surgery 3,138
- Thoracic Surgery (Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery) 1,379
- Transplant Surgery 100
- Urology 9,198
- Urology · Pediatric Urology 175
- Urology · Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery 142
Chiropractic Providers 10 specialties 379 providers
- Chiropractor 338
- Chiropractor · Independent Medical Examiner 2
- Chiropractor · Internist 2
- Chiropractor · Neurology 4
- Chiropractor · Occupational Health 1
- Chiropractor · Orthopedic 5
- Chiropractor · Pediatric Chiropractor 1
- Chiropractor · Radiology 1
- Chiropractor · Rehabilitation 13
- Chiropractor · Sports Physician 12
Dental Providers 12 specialties 65 providers
- Advanced Practice Dental Therapist 1
- Dental Hygienist 1
- Dentist 25
- Dentist · Endodontics 1
- Dentist · General Practice 19
- Dentist · Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 9
- Dentist · Orofacial Pain 1
- Dentist · Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 3
- Dentist · Pediatric Dentistry 1
- Dentist · Periodontics 1
- Dentist · Prosthodontics 2
- Denturist 1
Eye and Vision Services Providers 3 specialties 29 providers
Nursing Service Providers 41 specialties 743 providers
- Licensed Practical Nurse 82
- Licensed Vocational Nurse 17
- Registered Nurse 381
- Registered Nurse · Addiction (Substance Use Disorder) 7
- Registered Nurse · Administrator 5
- Registered Nurse · Ambulatory Care 5
- Registered Nurse · Cardiac Rehabilitation 2
- Registered Nurse · Case Management 8
- Registered Nurse · College Health 1
- Registered Nurse · Community Health 14
- Registered Nurse · Critical Care Medicine 24
- Registered Nurse · Diabetes Educator 6
- Registered Nurse · Emergency 12
- Registered Nurse · Gastroenterology 2
- Registered Nurse · General Practice 28
- Registered Nurse · Gerontology 4
- Registered Nurse · Home Health 19
- Registered Nurse · Hospice 2
- Registered Nurse · Infusion Therapy 3
- Registered Nurse · Maternal Newborn 1
- Registered Nurse · Medical-Surgical 8
- Registered Nurse · Neonatal Intensive Care 3
- Registered Nurse · Nephrology 2
- Registered Nurse · Neuroscience 2
- Registered Nurse · Nutrition Support 1
- Registered Nurse · Obstetric, High-Risk 1
- Registered Nurse · Obstetric, Inpatient 1
- Registered Nurse · Occupational Health 1
- Registered Nurse · Oncology 4
- Registered Nurse · Orthopedic 1
- Registered Nurse · Pain Management 6
- Registered Nurse · Pediatrics 11
- Registered Nurse · Perinatal 2
- Registered Nurse · Plastic Surgery 1
- Registered Nurse · Psychiatric/Mental Health 19
- Registered Nurse · Psychiatric/Mental Health, Adult 5
- Registered Nurse · Registered Nurse First Assistant 29
- Registered Nurse · School 15
- Registered Nurse · Urology 2
- Registered Nurse · Women's Health Care, Ambulatory 4
- Registered Nurse · Wound Care 2
Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers 47 specialties 61,873 providers
- Advanced Practice Midwife 411
- Anesthesiologist Assistant 192
- Clinical Nurse Specialist 83
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Acute Care 43
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Adult Health 150
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Community Health/Public Health 4
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Critical Care Medicine 14
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Emergency 2
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Family Health 27
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Gerontology 27
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Home Health 2
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Long-Term Care 2
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Medical-Surgical 12
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Neonatal 1
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Neuroscience 4
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Oncology 11
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Pediatrics 3
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Perinatal 2
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Perioperative 8
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Psychiatric/Mental Health 10
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Psychiatric/Mental Health, Adult 17
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Psychiatric/Mental Health, Child & Adolescent 1
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · School 1
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Transplantation 1
- Clinical Nurse Specialist · Women's Health 2
- Nurse Anesthetist, Certified Registered 4,384
- Nurse Practitioner 8,803
- Nurse Practitioner · Acute Care 3,119
- Nurse Practitioner · Adult Health 3,022
- Nurse Practitioner · Community Health 10
- Nurse Practitioner · Critical Care Medicine 107
- Nurse Practitioner · Family 18,705
- Nurse Practitioner · Gerontology 943
- Nurse Practitioner · Neonatal 107
- Nurse Practitioner · Neonatal, Critical Care 39
- Nurse Practitioner · Obstetrics & Gynecology 155
- Nurse Practitioner · Occupational Health 15
- Nurse Practitioner · Pediatrics 462
- Nurse Practitioner · Pediatrics, Critical Care 26
- Nurse Practitioner · Perinatal 3
- Nurse Practitioner · Primary Care 774
- Nurse Practitioner · Psychiatric/Mental Health 945
- Nurse Practitioner · School 2
- Nurse Practitioner · Women's Health 396
- Physician Assistant 13,409
- Physician Assistant · Medical 3,626
- Physician Assistant · Surgical 1,791
Podiatric Medicine & Surgery Service Providers 6 specialties 1,088 providers
Providers listed (198,138)
Sorted by name; identical names by identifier.
| Provider | Specialty | State | Records reported by this company |
|---|---|---|---|
| AARON E FRODSHAM | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Radiology|Vascular & Interventional Radiology | UT | 44 |
| AARON E HAGGE-GREENBERG | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Urology | NY | 10 |
| AARON E HARPER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Pathology|Anatomic Pathology & Clinical Pathology | GA | 1 |
| AARON E KATZ | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Urology | NY | 38 |
| AARON E LUCAS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Thoracic Surgery (Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery) | KY | 2 |
| AARON E MITSCHKE | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Nurse Practitioner|Family | ME | 1 |
| AARON E PACKHAM | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Family Medicine | ID | 1 |
| AARON E STEIN | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Nurse Anesthetist, Certified Registered | GA | 1 |
| AARON E WHITE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Family Medicine | AR | 1 |
| AARON EDWARD LUCAS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine|Infectious Disease | PA | 2 |
| AARON ELI BERGSMAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Surgery | NC | 2 |
| AARON ELIE OVADIA | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Urology | CA | 5 |
| AARON EMMONS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine|Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology | CO | 9 |
| AARON EUGENE SENTS | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Physician Assistant | VA | 1 |
| AARON EVANS | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Nurse Practitioner|Family | IN | 2 |
| AARON F BRAFMAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Urology | FL | 18 |
| AARON F COHEN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Surgery|Vascular Surgery | IL | 1 |
| AARON FEDOR | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Emergency Medicine | PA | 1 |
| AARON FISCHER | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Nurse Practitioner|Family | NV | 24 |
| AARON FISCHMAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Radiology|Vascular & Interventional Radiology | NY | 90 |
| AARON FISHER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine | MI | 1 |
| AARON FOWLER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Thoracic Surgery (Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery) | CA | 1 |
| AARON FRANK BUSH | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Radiology|Radiation Oncology | FL | 3 |
| AARON FREILICH | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine|Cardiovascular Disease | NY | 3 |
| AARON FRIEDMAN | — | LA | 1 |
| AARON G CAGLE | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Nurse Practitioner|Family | CA | 4 |
| AARON G ELLISON | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Family Medicine|Sports Medicine | NC | 2 |
| AARON GAUDIEL BOONJINDASUP | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Urology | CA | 4 |
| AARON GILTNER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine|Interventional Cardiology | PA | 13 |
| AARON GOPAL | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine|Interventional Cardiology | SC | 15 |
| AARON GREEN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Radiology|Vascular & Interventional Radiology | MI | 5 |
| AARON GREENBERG | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation | AL | 20 |
| AARON GROBER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine|Interventional Cardiology | TX | 46 |
| AARON H BERGER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine|Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology | NY | 1 |
| AARON H FRITTS | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Radiology|Vascular & Interventional Radiology | TX | 1 |
| AARON H KLEPS | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Physician Assistant | PA | 1 |
| AARON H SMITH | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Anesthesiology | UT | 8 |
| AARON HANYU-DEUTMEYER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation|Pain Medicine | LA | 24 |
| AARON HARMAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Radiology|Diagnostic Radiology | MA | 2 |
| AARON HARMS | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Physician Assistant | TX | 1 |
| AARON HARTKOP | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Surgery | MI | 1 |
| AARON HARVILLE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Anesthesiology | CA | 1 |
| AARON HEINRICH BAER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Radiology|Diagnostic Radiology | NC | 1 |
| AARON HENRY CARTER | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Orthopaedic Surgery | VA | 1 |
| AARON HOEKJE | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Physician Assistant|Medical | PA | 1 |
| AARON HOFFMAN | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Thoracic Surgery (Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery) | TN | 1 |
| AARON HORNE | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine|Cardiovascular Disease | NJ | 10 |
| AARON HOWARD FREEMAN | Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers|Nurse Practitioner|Adult Health | NJ | 1 |
| AARON I-LUN JENG | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Internal Medicine | CA | 1 |
| AARON ILANO | Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Surgery|Vascular Surgery | PA | 7 |