IndustryPayments
Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

SEMMY YUN

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Physician Assistant

NPI
1669716106
CMS profile
10710580
Location
LONG ISLAND CITY, NY

General Payments · PY2021–2024

$7,267.20

  • Reported across 305 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,744.69

166 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

Related groups: Physician Assistant NY All categories

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,645.69 165
Education $99.00 1

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Paying entityAmountRecords
Medtronic, Inc. $1,104.70 38
GENZYME CORPORATION $446.51 15
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $385.03 17
Incyte Corporation $289.56 18
ABBVIE INC. $268.57 12
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $231.92 13
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $186.55 10
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $182.27 11
PFIZER INC. $162.46 11
MAYNE PHARMA COMMERCIAL LLC $150.89 7
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $143.68 5
SANOFI PASTEUR INC. $76.80 3
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $48.77 2
NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION $19.45 1
Ortho Dermatologics, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $18.28 1
Journey Medical Corporation $15.21 1
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $14.04 1

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2021 $215.53 4
PY2022 $1,035.14 37
PY2023 $2,271.84 98
PY2024 $3,744.69 166

Payment records · PY2024 (166)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $34.74 01/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455294 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.43 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455296 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.58 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455298 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.11 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455300 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.54 05/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455302 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.50 05/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455304 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.50 05/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455306 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.42 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455308 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.34 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455310 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.11 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455312 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.75 11/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455314 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $27.55 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1108455316 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $23.60 06/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121127 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $11.05 06/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121123 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $25.04 07/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121125 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $14.61 08/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121131 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $14.84 08/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121129 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $13.62 09/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121139 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $15.00 09/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121137 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $22.77 10/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121141 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $23.66 11/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121135 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $22.36 12/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121121133 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $16.55 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026930 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $20.24 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026932 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $27.24 02/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026934 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $19.36 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026936 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $15.68 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026938 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $15.25 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026940 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $8.52 07/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026942 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $11.35 07/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026944 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $23.00 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026946 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $12.22 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026948 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $19.98 10/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026950 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $23.79 11/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026952 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $18.74 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128026954 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $14.04 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101850884 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $20.50 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402637 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $11.58 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402639 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $16.62 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402641 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $18.32 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402643 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $22.31 05/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402645 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $11.41 05/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402647 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $24.74 08/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402649 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $11.76 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402651 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $10.22 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402653 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $12.73 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402655 CMS
Galderma Laboratories, L.P. $22.08 11/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145402657 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $28.48 01/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872689 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $32.18 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872693 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $28.61 02/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872701 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $26.78 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872719 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $34.57 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872723 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $29.59 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872745 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $27.86 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872747 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $29.11 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872755 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $29.13 06/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872767 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $30.10 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872777 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $28.82 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872801 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $34.09 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872791 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $29.38 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872797 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $27.16 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872809 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $30.65 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139872819 CMS
Incyte Corporation $11.25 02/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141233801 CMS
Incyte Corporation $15.74 02/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141233803 CMS
Incyte Corporation $23.70 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141234177 CMS
Incyte Corporation $3.35 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141310005 CMS
Incyte Corporation $9.31 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141310123 CMS
Incyte Corporation $16.03 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141310129 CMS
Incyte Corporation $15.78 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141194847 CMS
Incyte Corporation $2.31 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141265999 CMS
Incyte Corporation $25.40 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141311119 CMS
Incyte Corporation $25.71 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141311111 CMS
Incyte Corporation $23.13 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141235807 CMS
Incyte Corporation $26.91 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141236233 CMS
Incyte Corporation $20.61 08/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141266603 CMS
Incyte Corporation $15.39 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141236471 CMS
Incyte Corporation $8.24 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141239833 CMS
Incyte Corporation $20.16 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141195847 CMS
Incyte Corporation $6.28 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141189031 CMS
Incyte Corporation $20.26 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141319427 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $27.73 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078458002 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $23.86 04/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078442828 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $26.43 05/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078440151 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $1.20 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078443341 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $25.24 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078456154 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $24.49 07/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078450915 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $23.17 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078455776 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $1.11 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078454536 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $2.17 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078456806 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $19.87 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078459064 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $27.54 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078440016 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $1.25 11/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078458301 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $99.00 11/11/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078441495 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $19.34 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078444697 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $2.75 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078448392 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $34.95 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078457733 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $24.93 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078441714 CMS
Journey Medical Corporation $15.21 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100055975 CMS
MAYNE PHARMA COMMERCIAL LLC $9.36 07/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154673983 CMS
MAYNE PHARMA COMMERCIAL LLC $15.19 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154673987 CMS
MAYNE PHARMA COMMERCIAL LLC $24.56 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154673979 CMS
MAYNE PHARMA COMMERCIAL LLC $26.95 09/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154673993 CMS
MAYNE PHARMA COMMERCIAL LLC $29.69 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154673991 CMS
MAYNE PHARMA COMMERCIAL LLC $27.26 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154673989 CMS
MAYNE PHARMA COMMERCIAL LLC $17.88 12/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1154673981 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $21.39 01/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976211 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $8.00 01/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976213 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $12.39 01/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976225 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $28.79 02/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976217 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $20.23 02/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976219 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $37.41 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976215 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $18.27 03/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976223 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $32.62 04/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976221 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $14.32 04/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976229 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $40.92 04/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976231 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $27.55 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976233 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $14.60 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976227 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $39.20 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976235 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $29.98 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976237 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $17.32 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976253 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $14.41 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976249 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $21.96 07/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976243 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $19.32 07/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976241 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $25.59 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976245 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $43.48 08/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976247 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $23.41 08/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976239 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $9.62 08/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976251 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $13.46 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976255 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $14.91 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976257 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $10.35 09/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976259 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $25.57 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976263 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $28.97 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976261 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $42.60 10/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976267 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $47.78 11/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976275 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $83.12 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976269 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $34.82 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976273 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $7.06 11/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976265 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $19.33 12/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976271 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $14.66 12/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976277 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $110.32 12/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976279 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $26.71 12/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976281 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $33.33 12/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976283 CMS
Medtronic, Inc. $70.93 12/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116976285 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $19.45 11/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087440472 CMS
Ortho Dermatologics, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $18.28 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153830630 CMS
PFIZER INC. $7.56 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131810247 CMS
PFIZER INC. $12.54 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131811478 CMS
PFIZER INC. $24.94 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131626904 CMS
PFIZER INC. $11.25 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131811476 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.61 03/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131663398 CMS
PFIZER INC. $2.41 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131712503 CMS
PFIZER INC. $8.57 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131712976 CMS
PFIZER INC. $5.58 04/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131714720 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.07 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131600285 CMS
PFIZER INC. $29.27 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131773349 CMS
PFIZER INC. $22.66 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131837716 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $23.79 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114394761 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $24.98 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114394763 CMS
SANOFI PASTEUR INC. $23.75 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128750385 CMS
SANOFI PASTEUR INC. $30.32 07/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128750387 CMS
SANOFI PASTEUR INC. $22.73 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128750389 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $35.80 04/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152276095 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $31.54 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152276099 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $21.06 06/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152276102 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $25.23 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152276106 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $30.05 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152276109 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.