Covered recipient · General Payments record

DANIEL BENDER

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Physician Assistant

NPI: 1265736664
CMS profile: 10521886
Location: ORBISONIA, PA

General Payments · PY2021–2024

$7,503.64

Reported across 552 records
CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$2,437.03

153 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated

The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of payment	Amount	Records
Food and Beverage	$2,422.84	152
Education	$14.19	1

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Paying entity	Amount	Records
ABBVIE INC.	$773.76	57
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$438.17	28
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$186.46	13
Lilly USA, LLC	$163.12	9
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$147.08	10
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc	$143.16	6
Ardelyx, Inc.	$133.90	7
GENZYME CORPORATION	$86.92	4
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$71.13	3
Madrigal Pharmaceuticals	$53.87	2
Neurocrine BioSciences, Inc.	$53.12	3
Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation	$43.65	2
Gilead Sciences, Inc.	$41.91	3
Celgene Corporation	$20.97	1
Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$19.27	1
Braintree Laboratories, Inc.	$15.52	1
PFIZER INC.	$15.48	1
INTERCEPT PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.	$15.35	1
Celltrion USA Inc.	$14.19	1

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program year	Amount	Records
PY2021	$1,460.53	126
PY2022	$1,674.01	124
PY2023	$1,932.07	149
PY2024	$2,437.03	153

Payment records · PY2024 (153)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 2021 2022 2023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.

Paying entity	Amount	Date	Nature of payment	Dispute status	Published	Record ID	Source
ABBVIE INC.	$14.33	01/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511424	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$2.28	01/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511426	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$22.16	01/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511428	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$20.37	01/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511430	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$9.97	02/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511432	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$17.37	02/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511434	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$15.22	02/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511436	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$10.87	02/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511438	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$9.03	03/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511440	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$18.58	03/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511442	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$0.91	03/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511444	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$17.63	03/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511446	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$2.91	03/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511448	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$12.63	03/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511450	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$9.66	04/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511452	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$16.18	04/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511454	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$1.31	04/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511456	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$12.20	04/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511458	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$10.15	04/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511460	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$24.17	04/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511462	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$16.18	05/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511464	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$9.74	05/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511466	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$1.10	05/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511468	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$17.01	05/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511470	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$28.22	05/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511472	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$23.16	05/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511474	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$13.72	05/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511476	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$24.91	05/31/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511478	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$2.23	06/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511480	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$16.29	06/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511482	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$14.76	06/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511484	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$9.42	06/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511486	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$26.47	06/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511488	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$1.20	06/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511490	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$17.01	06/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511492	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$21.86	07/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511494	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$9.26	07/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511496	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$0.67	07/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511498	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$17.95	07/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511500	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$26.86	08/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511502	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$15.76	08/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511504	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$15.55	09/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511506	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$9.93	09/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511508	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$21.24	09/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511510	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$27.70	09/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511512	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$21.46	09/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511514	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$1.09	10/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511516	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$16.45	10/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511518	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$9.23	10/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511520	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$10.42	10/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511522	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$18.95	10/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511524	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$1.26	11/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511526	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$10.95	11/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511528	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$9.93	12/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511530	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$17.27	12/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511532	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$19.35	12/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511534	CMS
ABBVIE INC.	$1.27	12/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1106511536	CMS
Ardelyx, Inc.	$12.09	02/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146718501	CMS
Ardelyx, Inc.	$13.39	03/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146718503	CMS
Ardelyx, Inc.	$16.06	04/01/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146718505	CMS
Ardelyx, Inc.	$14.27	08/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146718507	CMS
Ardelyx, Inc.	$21.83	10/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146718509	CMS
Ardelyx, Inc.	$30.05	10/31/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146718511	CMS
Ardelyx, Inc.	$26.21	12/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1146718513	CMS
Braintree Laboratories, Inc.	$15.52	07/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1125519175	CMS
Celgene Corporation	$20.97	01/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1101150547	CMS
Celltrion USA Inc.	$14.19	08/23/2024	Education	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1075860929	CMS
Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc.	$19.27	05/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137522580	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$19.50	02/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139861244	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$24.30	07/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139861298	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$21.93	09/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139861316	CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION	$21.19	11/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1139861346	CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc.	$15.52	01/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1133713121	CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc.	$13.20	03/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1133713123	CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc.	$13.19	05/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1133713125	CMS
Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$15.35	03/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1113647451	CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc	$24.14	02/14/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1091968401	CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc	$26.81	03/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1091968403	CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc	$32.51	04/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1091968405	CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc	$17.61	08/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1091968409	CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc	$16.65	10/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1091968407	CMS
Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc	$25.44	12/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1091968411	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$17.67	02/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078581010	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$4.34	02/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078581002	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$23.04	04/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078581031	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$14.60	05/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078581015	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$17.15	05/29/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078581005	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$0.83	06/24/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078580994	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$18.82	07/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078581026	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$19.92	07/31/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078581019	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$11.14	10/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078581035	CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc.	$19.57	11/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1078581023	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$17.25	05/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135562786	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$16.96	05/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135623483	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$20.77	06/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135608217	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$14.86	06/28/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135600739	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$22.12	07/25/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135608219	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$16.96	09/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135547549	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$24.01	10/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135547551	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$14.11	10/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135600741	CMS
Lilly USA, LLC	$16.08	11/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1135562788	CMS
Madrigal Pharmaceuticals	$25.73	11/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1144187484	CMS
Madrigal Pharmaceuticals	$28.14	12/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1144187486	CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	$22.69	06/05/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1141573549	CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	$20.96	12/09/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1141825471	CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc.	$18.52	09/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1150987281	CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc.	$20.91	11/22/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1150975183	CMS
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc.	$13.69	12/16/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1151008687	CMS
PFIZER INC.	$15.48	02/08/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1131197519	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$22.82	04/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114271944	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$25.59	09/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114271946	CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc.	$22.72	10/30/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1114271948	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$23.37	01/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153600345	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$1.76	01/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153420741	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$6.04	01/10/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153764116	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$6.61	01/17/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153447687	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$17.76	02/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153501635	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$16.17	02/28/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153523107	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$17.35	03/20/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153633630	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$0.42	04/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153473696	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$17.35	04/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153568838	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$17.35	05/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153532074	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$25.41	05/13/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153545397	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$17.35	06/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153565489	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$21.56	06/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153583723	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$3.56	06/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153700397	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$5.37	06/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153546761	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$28.24	06/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153422050	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$17.55	08/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153394313	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$1.01	08/07/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153599781	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$18.55	09/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153496146	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$19.69	09/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153629017	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$22.12	09/18/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153525455	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$17.69	10/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153635780	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$18.36	10/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153698597	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$20.79	10/31/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153758409	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$17.16	11/27/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153574826	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$16.51	12/11/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153468407	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$20.54	12/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153456263	CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC	$22.53	12/23/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1153687976	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$17.38	02/12/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712907	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$15.38	03/04/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712909	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$17.06	03/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712911	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$14.18	04/03/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712913	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$18.38	05/06/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712915	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$0.61	05/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712917	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$13.42	05/21/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712919	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$20.23	09/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712921	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$0.37	09/26/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712923	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$20.85	10/02/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712925	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$25.77	11/15/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712927	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$0.67	12/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712929	CMS
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.	$22.16	12/19/2024	Food and Beverage	Undisputed	01/23/2026	1137712931	CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset: CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date: 2026-01-23
Program years on this page: 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files: Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from: OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.