Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

MELCHOR Z JACOB

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Physician Assistant

NPI
1194962605
CMS profile
11137879
Location
BAKERSFIELD, CA

General Payments · PY2021–2024

$17,690.11

  • Reported across 580 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$5,288.04

173 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $5,278.84 172
Education $9.20 1

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2021 $2,497.38 73
PY2022 $5,214.70 173
PY2023 $4,689.99 161
PY2024 $5,288.04 173

Payment records · PY2024 (173)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $9.60 02/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107391258 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.58 03/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107391260 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.16 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107391262 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.74 04/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107391264 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $91.67 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107391266 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.66 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107391268 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $115.75 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107391270 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.52 01/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285869 CMS
Amgen Inc. $14.38 01/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587029 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.04 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587039 CMS
Amgen Inc. $10.99 02/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587031 CMS
Amgen Inc. $19.42 02/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285849 CMS
Amgen Inc. $8.75 02/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587033 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.28 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587035 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.10 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587037 CMS
Amgen Inc. $7.56 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587041 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.01 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285867 CMS
Amgen Inc. $10.18 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587043 CMS
Amgen Inc. $7.69 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285851 CMS
Amgen Inc. $125.04 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285863 CMS
Amgen Inc. $20.65 05/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587045 CMS
Amgen Inc. $8.07 05/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285853 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.93 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587047 CMS
Amgen Inc. $13.90 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587049 CMS
Amgen Inc. $17.58 05/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285871 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.95 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587051 CMS
Amgen Inc. $25.44 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285855 CMS
Amgen Inc. $124.99 06/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285883 CMS
Amgen Inc. $8.09 06/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587053 CMS
Amgen Inc. $7.78 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587055 CMS
Amgen Inc. $124.99 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285865 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.34 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587057 CMS
Amgen Inc. $18.36 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587059 CMS
Amgen Inc. $28.08 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285857 CMS
Amgen Inc. $21.06 08/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285859 CMS
Amgen Inc. $11.92 08/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587061 CMS
Amgen Inc. $23.86 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285875 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.14 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587063 CMS
Amgen Inc. $7.43 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285877 CMS
Amgen Inc. $10.03 09/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587065 CMS
Amgen Inc. $24.50 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285861 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.20 09/11/2024 Education Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587101 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.78 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587067 CMS
Amgen Inc. $12.92 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587069 CMS
Amgen Inc. $18.46 10/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285879 CMS
Amgen Inc. $21.18 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285881 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.16 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587071 CMS
Amgen Inc. $9.54 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587073 CMS
Amgen Inc. $8.95 12/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587075 CMS
Amgen Inc. $6.65 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285885 CMS
Amgen Inc. $97.86 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587103 CMS
Amgen Inc. $11.83 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117285887 CMS
Amgen Inc. $21.40 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117587077 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $21.31 01/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105242622 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $186.88 01/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105493113 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $103.88 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105422795 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $72.10 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105456464 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $29.14 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104240795 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.18 03/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104443343 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $124.98 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105649108 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $27.41 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104465722 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $104.51 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104630590 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $13.07 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105491815 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.63 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104716759 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $123.08 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104734063 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $112.47 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105842643 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $21.38 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104625514 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.12 10/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104267387 CMS
Aurinia Pharma U.S., Inc. $71.98 11/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150697780 CMS
Axsome Therapeutics, Inc. $125.00 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148392112 CMS
Baxter Healthcare $26.23 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118297158 CMS
Baxter Healthcare $19.53 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118297160 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $17.33 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086365375 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $20.32 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086285078 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $17.24 05/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086291622 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $19.85 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086323508 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $16.34 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086331088 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $111.16 09/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086303186 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $19.11 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086298460 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $121.82 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117912844 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $13.19 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117912840 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $14.13 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117912842 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $17.07 01/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436894 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $6.75 01/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436900 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $103.88 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436888 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $7.60 03/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436896 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $6.27 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436898 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $6.87 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436902 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $6.91 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436904 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $7.09 07/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436906 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $25.26 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436908 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $8.04 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436910 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $8.01 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436874 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $13.14 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436872 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $12.17 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436878 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $19.91 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436876 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $11.37 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436880 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $112.95 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436886 CMS
Daiichi Sankyo Inc. $19.01 11/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1089436882 CMS
Dexcom, Inc. $23.30 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153378555 CMS
Electromed, Inc. $35.67 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137896236 CMS
Electromed, Inc. $22.18 11/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1137896241 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $15.39 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116341068 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $16.40 02/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116721949 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $15.94 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116254025 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $69.24 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116666863 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $14.19 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116086327 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $13.06 05/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116279286 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $15.02 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116393630 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $16.08 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116410073 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $13.26 07/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116145369 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $18.77 09/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116525672 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $99.26 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116569385 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $17.02 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1115861941 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $102.30 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116630306 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $17.69 11/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116336547 CMS
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc $18.47 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1077919341 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $5.54 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135824921 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $10.21 01/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135745506 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $6.03 02/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135745508 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $5.16 02/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135824925 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $73.50 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135824917 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $7.19 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135815532 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $15.40 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135786688 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $6.20 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135817938 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $0.21 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135817940 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.97 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135786690 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $5.70 06/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135786694 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $6.29 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135815534 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $15.70 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135815536 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $125.00 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135827897 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $6.91 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135843488 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $7.17 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135786696 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $15.22 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135786692 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $6.18 11/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135817942 CMS
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC $25.71 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141669108 CMS
Nevro Corp. $21.77 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1130741398 CMS
Nevro Corp. $76.74 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1130741396 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $24.33 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087093380 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $14.82 04/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087093388 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $21.10 05/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087093400 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $6.09 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087093408 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $23.68 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087093410 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $28.54 07/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087093412 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $18.68 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087093430 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $30.73 12/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087093438 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $16.67 01/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100625592 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $14.41 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100587445 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $13.59 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100251036 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $22.72 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100604084 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $20.32 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100551058 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $25.09 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100509765 CMS
Organogenesis Inc. $104.01 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1145459036 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $16.32 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102972 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $12.56 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102974 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $24.11 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102976 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $14.59 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102978 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $23.29 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102980 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $15.20 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102982 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $19.14 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102984 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $19.44 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102986 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $123.41 10/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102988 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $19.38 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119102990 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.82 01/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131650719 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.43 01/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131650723 CMS
PFIZER INC. $24.44 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131650732 CMS
PFIZER INC. $22.74 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131650728 CMS
PFIZER INC. $23.24 10/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131650736 CMS
PFIZER INC. $81.81 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131651074 CMS
PFIZER INC. $19.63 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131650740 CMS
Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.65 02/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1151176731 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $32.51 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090033684 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $24.70 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090033690 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.