Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

KEVIN P OSHEA

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Nurse Practitioner

NPI
1942391750
CMS profile
10478754
Location
ABINGTON, PA

General Payments · PY2021–2024

$9,602.35

  • Reported across 565 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$2,968.08

171 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $2,968.08 171

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2021 $1,799.79 107
PY2022 $2,217.54 124
PY2023 $2,616.94 163
PY2024 $2,968.08 171

Payment records · PY2024 (171)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $23.77 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771076 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $11.98 02/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771078 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $1.29 02/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771080 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.25 02/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771082 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.32 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771084 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.31 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771086 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $12.60 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771088 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.79 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771090 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $4.72 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771092 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $34.23 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771094 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.79 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771096 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $1.26 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771098 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.55 05/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771100 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.37 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771102 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $1.33 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771104 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.37 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771106 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $21.80 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771108 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $25.96 07/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771110 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.87 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771112 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $1.29 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771114 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $0.66 08/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771116 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.84 09/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771118 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.89 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771120 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.77 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771122 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $15.43 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771124 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $0.89 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771126 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.40 10/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771128 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $7.99 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771130 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $24.37 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771132 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $31.44 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107771134 CMS
Amgen Inc. $20.98 04/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117646559 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $19.98 06/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121105580 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $19.82 07/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121105582 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $20.39 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121105584 CMS
Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Inc. $22.99 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1121105586 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $20.62 10/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128002263 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $18.25 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128002265 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $23.62 12/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128002267 CMS
Dermavant Sciences, Inc. $20.98 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1128002269 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $3.09 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201450 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $2.05 03/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201452 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $25.02 03/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201460 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $3.24 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201466 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $25.01 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201474 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $22.15 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201476 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $3.12 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201480 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $3.32 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201478 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $22.36 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201486 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $21.53 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201500 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $21.24 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201498 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $19.79 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201504 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $20.95 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201516 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $7.91 09/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201518 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $4.57 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201522 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $21.24 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201520 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $3.90 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201526 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $24.53 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201528 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $4.53 10/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201524 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $3.22 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201532 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $27.63 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201544 CMS
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. $20.93 12/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1101201548 CMS
Genentech USA, Inc. $15.13 06/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133168133 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $33.84 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139788055 CMS
GENZYME CORPORATION $35.40 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139788115 CMS
Incyte Corporation $21.50 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1141301675 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $9.05 01/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548186 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $30.31 01/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548198 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $32.49 02/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547970 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $9.91 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548030 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $12.51 02/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548126 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $34.19 03/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548083 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $9.86 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547877 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $26.90 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547966 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $32.33 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548010 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $1.70 04/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547849 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $15.03 04/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548038 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $20.11 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547929 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $8.37 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548018 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $10.38 04/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547774 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $10.29 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548026 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $9.84 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548006 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $27.10 05/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548087 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $10.18 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547814 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $7.84 06/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547905 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $8.53 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547909 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $35.21 07/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547974 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $20.17 07/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548206 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $10.95 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548166 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $8.47 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547826 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $10.33 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547718 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $20.51 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548259 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $26.66 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548091 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $9.23 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547810 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $31.55 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548246 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $8.34 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547758 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $22.60 11/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548098 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $1.83 11/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548190 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $27.29 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547902 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $9.42 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548230 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $10.59 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548042 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $17.12 12/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547982 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $29.38 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547802 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $8.66 12/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078548158 CMS
Janssen Biotech, Inc. $7.54 12/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1078547950 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $25.38 05/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152682305 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $20.09 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152682307 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $21.85 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152682309 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $12.64 08/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152682311 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $18.33 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152682313 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $22.10 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152682315 CMS
LEO Pharma Inc. $20.78 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152682317 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $17.95 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135772024 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $1.57 01/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135796716 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $4.13 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135772026 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $12.87 02/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135776486 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $13.80 02/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135779144 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $9.71 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135776488 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.98 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135796718 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $23.12 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135760782 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $9.38 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135760786 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $3.94 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135776490 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $24.43 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135796720 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $21.05 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135776492 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $2.30 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135796722 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $2.75 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135736697 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.62 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135779146 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.34 09/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135760788 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $3.63 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135748852 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $15.50 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135796724 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $16.73 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135760784 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $2.42 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135779142 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $14.31 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135772022 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $28.51 01/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180667 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $23.88 01/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180671 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $29.02 02/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180687 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $27.12 03/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180683 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $22.85 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180681 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $21.59 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180679 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $23.75 05/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180691 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $25.24 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180697 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $16.36 06/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180699 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $23.83 06/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180705 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $8.08 06/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180707 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $27.69 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180709 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $17.63 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180713 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $27.17 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180721 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $32.76 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180725 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $26.28 11/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087180727 CMS
Ortho Dermatologics, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $17.99 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153826035 CMS
Ortho Dermatologics, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $14.97 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153826037 CMS
PFIZER INC. $16.54 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131276373 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $17.34 01/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114352417 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $28.80 01/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114352419 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $25.63 03/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114352421 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $18.94 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114352423 CMS
Regeneron Healthcare Solutions, Inc. $22.31 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114352425 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $26.67 02/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152246537 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $16.38 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152246535 CMS
SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INC. $26.46 12/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1152246533 CMS
UCB, Inc. $42.13 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132627 CMS
UCB, Inc. $11.70 04/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132631 CMS
UCB, Inc. $10.99 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132635 CMS
UCB, Inc. $10.73 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132639 CMS
UCB, Inc. $15.13 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132643 CMS
UCB, Inc. $1.20 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132648 CMS
UCB, Inc. $9.45 07/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132652 CMS
UCB, Inc. $30.20 07/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132656 CMS
UCB, Inc. $32.62 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132661 CMS
UCB, Inc. $9.61 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132665 CMS
UCB, Inc. $33.32 10/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1143132669 CMS
Verrica Pharmaceuticals Inc. $21.38 02/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118395364 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.