Official source Data mirrored from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments · General Payments · as published 2026-01-23 View official record Methodology

Covered recipient · General Payments record

TRAM MAI DIEP NGUYEN

Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers Nurse Practitioner Family

NPI
1679244438
CMS profile
10960200
Location
HOUSTON, TX

General Payments · PY2021–2024

$8,257.35

  • Reported across 446 records
  • CMS publication 2026-01-23

Latest program year · PY2024

$3,324.58

163 records · 0 disputed

Financial relationships do not necessarily indicate an improper relationship; the data is open to interpretation.

How these totals are calculated
  • The total is the sum of the General Payments records CMS published for the labeled program year(s), exactly as published. Nothing is estimated, weighted, or combined across categories.
  • General Payments only. Research and Ownership/Investment are separate datasets and are never summed with these figures; amounts are kept separate per program year.
  • Featured-page threshold (a presentation gate, not a judgment): records>=3 OR total>=100 (all years).
  • Methodology & Data — sourcing, labeling, and limitations.

By nature of payment

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

Nature of paymentAmountRecords
Food and Beverage $3,324.58 163

By paying entity

PY2024 · sorted by reported total

By program year

All program years on this page · sorted by year

Program yearAmountRecords
PY2021 $146.02 9
PY2022 $1,839.35 110
PY2023 $2,947.40 164
PY2024 $3,324.58 163

Payment records · PY2024 (163)

Sorted by paying entity, then date · as published by CMS

Program year 2024 202120222023 Record-level detail is published for PY2024; earlier years are summarised in “By program year”.
Paying entity Amount Date Nature of payment Dispute status Published Record ID Source
ABBVIE INC. $1.99 01/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736812 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $23.46 02/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736814 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $13.00 03/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736816 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.07 04/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736818 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.04 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736820 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $26.12 05/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736822 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $11.64 05/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736824 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $22.33 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736826 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $20.56 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736828 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.27 08/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736830 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $14.12 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736832 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $29.37 09/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736834 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $18.72 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736836 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $19.61 10/02/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736838 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $16.49 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736840 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $10.28 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736842 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $9.57 10/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736844 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $1.67 11/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736846 CMS
ABBVIE INC. $17.95 11/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1107736848 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $22.09 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146972137 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $22.09 04/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146980018 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $23.17 05/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146980820 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $16.21 06/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146981354 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $16.63 09/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146996938 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $16.04 10/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146995760 CMS
AIMMUNE THERAPEUTICS, INC. $13.27 11/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146995321 CMS
Amgen Inc. $18.12 06/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117641489 CMS
Amgen Inc. $23.59 08/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117339197 CMS
Amgen Inc. $123.41 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117339195 CMS
Amgen Inc. $16.97 10/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117641491 CMS
Amgen Inc. $18.87 11/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117641493 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $18.20 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146739394 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $21.66 09/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146739396 CMS
Ardelyx, Inc. $19.49 12/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146739398 CMS
Astellas Pharma US Inc $14.55 11/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139554201 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $22.23 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105320336 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $38.88 03/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105522949 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $20.76 04/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104491484 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $21.29 05/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104259663 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.30 06/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104262061 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.80 09/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105603372 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $17.97 10/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105466031 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $121.86 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105611255 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $15.94 11/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104245229 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $21.82 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1104581564 CMS
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP $16.76 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1105670255 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $15.41 03/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086326846 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $2.09 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086099925 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $8.43 04/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086101617 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $12.48 05/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086098583 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $11.82 06/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086104796 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $8.65 07/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086099513 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $1.96 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086101509 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $12.21 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086103620 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $5.10 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086097611 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $3.00 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086097629 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $1.84 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086104868 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $1.84 10/07/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086105950 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $12.80 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086099535 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $1.73 10/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086103233 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $15.47 11/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086349257 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $1.96 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086099785 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $17.54 11/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086344419 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $15.46 12/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086286492 CMS
Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. $122.09 12/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1086356372 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.15 03/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118105885 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $20.32 05/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118105887 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $13.45 07/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118105881 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $14.98 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118105883 CMS
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.66 09/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1118105889 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $24.30 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117786147 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $23.65 05/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117786169 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $23.61 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117786189 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $25.72 07/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117786211 CMS
Corcept Therapeutics $44.11 08/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1117786271 CMS
Dexcom, Inc. $23.26 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153390622 CMS
Dexcom, Inc. $22.66 07/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153390624 CMS
Exact Sciences Corporation $23.00 06/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114809536 CMS
Exact Sciences Corporation $14.57 08/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114809542 CMS
Exact Sciences Corporation $18.91 11/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1114809548 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $21.42 05/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133692532 CMS
Gilead Sciences, Inc. $24.95 06/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1133692534 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $13.65 03/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116466744 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $14.65 04/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116601797 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $19.99 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116035801 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $16.41 07/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116435041 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $15.90 08/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116450475 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $18.92 10/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116235684 CMS
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. $19.05 11/14/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1116387498 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $16.56 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148163970 CMS
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. $24.85 06/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148163972 CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC $19.17 03/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153740931 CMS
IRONWOOD PHARMACEUTICALS, INC $22.84 10/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153766296 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $13.85 06/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135976266 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $18.71 09/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135973162 CMS
Lilly USA, LLC $19.69 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1135976268 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $23.45 07/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146067647 CMS
Lundbeck LLC $21.60 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1146067649 CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P. $30.35 04/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147349171 CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P. $29.70 06/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147298442 CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P. $27.52 07/29/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147298754 CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P. $37.71 08/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147299012 CMS
Mylan Specialty L.P. $25.82 11/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1147357167 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $27.49 08/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087018360 CMS
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation $13.63 10/09/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1087018364 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $21.24 03/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100636291 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $15.81 04/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100435887 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $24.48 06/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100421427 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $9.24 08/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100643529 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $16.03 08/20/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100509865 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $15.26 09/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100325606 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $18.71 09/25/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100575944 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $111.28 09/26/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100310567 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $5.19 09/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100361039 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $8.17 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100273680 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $13.90 10/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100462560 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $27.78 10/28/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100586583 CMS
Novo Nordisk Inc $19.87 11/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1100321958 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $20.96 04/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119149471 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $27.83 05/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119149473 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $23.49 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119149475 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $13.12 10/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119149477 CMS
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. $19.69 12/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1119149479 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $1.68 04/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932146 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $15.01 05/15/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932148 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $16.58 06/19/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932150 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $17.50 08/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932152 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $18.45 08/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932154 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $2.16 09/06/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932156 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $124.99 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932158 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $1.90 09/27/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932160 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $14.02 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932162 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $22.69 10/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932164 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $3.88 11/23/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932166 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $13.67 12/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932168 CMS
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $2.85 12/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1113932170 CMS
PFIZER INC. $20.87 05/31/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131476989 CMS
PFIZER INC. $18.21 06/04/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131643248 CMS
PFIZER INC. $21.97 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1131927168 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $21.77 06/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090044186 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $25.00 07/17/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090044190 CMS
Radius Health, Inc. $26.56 09/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1090044194 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $16.24 04/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153714602 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $12.19 04/22/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153534166 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $11.91 05/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153658367 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $14.68 06/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153733017 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $15.57 07/10/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153534850 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $13.86 08/21/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153693648 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $6.58 09/05/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153417853 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $10.25 09/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153615358 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $13.86 09/18/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153456959 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $13.83 10/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153491335 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $15.58 11/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153429585 CMS
Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC $16.02 12/11/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1153605394 CMS
SANOFI-AVENTIS U.S. LLC $24.13 08/16/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139650581 CMS
SANOFI-AVENTIS U.S. LLC $18.13 10/30/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1139650599 CMS
SHIELD THERAPEUTICS INC $15.19 11/01/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1150152292 CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc. $14.36 04/24/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148984648 CMS
Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc. $18.21 07/03/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1148984650 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $21.01 08/13/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144640432 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.40 09/12/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144640434 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.64 10/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144640436 CMS
Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. $23.79 11/08/2024 Food and Beverage Undisputed 01/23/2026 1144640438 CMS

Source & provenance

Dataset
CMS Open Payments — General Payments
Publisher of source data
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CMS publication date
2026-01-23
Program years on this page
2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Source files
Dataset page · Bulk file · PY2021 , PY2022 , PY2023 , PY2024
Generated from
OP_DTL_GNRL_PGYR2024_P01232026_01102026.csv

One page per canonical provider; split Profile_IDs are merged via Associated_Covered_Recipient_Profile_ID_1/_2 from the Covered Recipient Profile Supplement.

Corrections to the substance of a record route to CMS through its review-and-dispute process; errors in how this site mirrors or displays a record route to us. Both paths are described in Methodology & Data.